Hujijo, Hayder S. R.Ilyas, Muhammad2025-02-062025-02-0620252304-6732https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010069https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12939/5299Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), employed in visible light communication (VLC) systems, has been considered a promising technique for overcoming OFDM’s large out-of-band emissions and thus reducing bandwidth efficiency. However, due to Hermitian symmetry (HS) imposition, a challenge in VLC involves increasing power consumption and doubling inverse fast Fourier transform IFFT/FFT length. This paper introduces the non-Hermitian symmetry (NHS) Flip-F-OFDM technique to enhance bandwidth efficiency, reduce the peak–average-power ratio (PAPR), and lower system complexity. Compared to the traditional HS-based Flip-F-OFDM method, the proposed method achieves around 50% reduced system complexity and prevents the PAPR from increasing. Therefore, the proposed method offers more resource-saving and power efficiency than traditional Flip-F-OFDM. Then, the proposed scheme is assessed with HS-free Flip-OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical (ACO)-OFDM, and direct-current bias optical (DCO)-OFDM. Concerning bandwidth efficiency, the proposed method shows better spectral efficiency than HS-free Flip-OFDM, ACO-OFDM, and DCO-OFDM. © 2025 by the authors.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesscomplexity reductionFlip-F-OFDMPAPRspectral efficiencyvisible light communicationArticle10.3390/photonics120100691212-s2.0-85216109693Q3