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    A Hybrid Tree Convolutional Neural Network with Leader-Guided Spiral Optimization for Detecting Symmetric Patterns in Network Anomalies
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Al-Dulaimi, Reem Talal Abdulhameed; Türkben, Ayça Kurnaz
    In the realm of cybersecurity, detecting Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks with high accuracy is a critical task. Traditional machine learning models often fall short in handling the complexity and high dimensionality of network traffic data. This study proposes a hybrid framework leveraging symmetry in feature distribution, network behavior, and model optimization for anomaly detection. A Tree Convolutional Neural Network (Tree-CNN) captures hierarchical symmetrical dependencies, while a deep autoencoder preserves latent symmetrical structures, reducing noise for better classification. A Leader-Guided Velocity-Based Spiral Optimization Algorithm is proposed to optimize the parameters of the system and achieve better performance. A Leader-Guided Velocity-Based Spiral Optimization Algorithm is introduced to maintain a symmetrical balance between exploration and exploitation, optimizing the autoencoder, Tree-CNN, and classification thresholds. Validation using three datasets—UNSW-NB15, CIC-IDS 2017, and CIC-IDS 2018—demonstrates the framework’s superiority. The model achieves 96.02% accuracy on UNSW-NB15, 99.99% on CIC-IDS 2017, and 99.96% on CIC-IDS 2018, with near-perfect precision and recall. Despite a slightly higher computational cost, the symmetrically optimized framework ensures high efficiency and superior detection, making it ideal for real-time complex networks. These findings emphasize the critical role of symmetrical network patterns and feature selection strategies for enhancing intrusion detection performance.