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Öğe A Review of Solar Panel Cooling Methods and Efficiencies(Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, 2025) Aljumaili, Ahmed; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabPhotovoltaics is one of the most widely employed clean energy sources on earth. However, when the temperature of the PV cell rises, its electrical power decreases, which makes it essential to find ways to develop the module's efficiency in high-temperature situations. One of the techniques used to raise efficiency and performance is cooling. Researchers have used a variety of ways to cool solar PV panels, including active and passive methods. Researchers used a forced air stream, PCM, a heat exchanger, water, and many other methods to make a solar PV thermal system work better. The principal purpose of this chapter is to look at the significant information the researchers found in their research about how to improve the efficiency and performance of PV cells, how to cool them, and other reasons that affect the output of solar cells.Öğe Advancements in Concentrated Solar Power: A Review of Heat Transfer and Parabolic Trough Technologies(Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, 2025) Al-Aloosi, Waleed; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabThis review examines the advancements in concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies, focusing on their potential to meet energy demands sustainably while mitigating global warming. CSP systems, which harness solar energy through mirrors and lenses to generate high-temperature heat, offer a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. Key CSP technologies include Linear Fresnel Reflectors, Parabolic Dishes, Solar Towers, and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs). Each system is assessed for its design, efficiency, and suitability in regions with high direct solar irradiance. Among these, PTCs are highlighted for their cost-effectiveness and thermal efficiency, with applications reaching temperatures up to 550°C, making them suitable for both small and large-scale implementations. The review also explores various heat transfer enhancement techniques, categorized into active, passive, and compound methods. Passive techniques, such as inserts, surface modifications, and nanofluids, are examined for their ability to increase heat transfer efficiency without external energy sources. Active methods like pumps, fans, and compound approaches are discussed for maximizing thermal performance. Advances in receiver design, including twisted tapes, wire coils, fins, and porous materials, are evaluated for their impact on heat transfer rates, thermal losses, and overall system efficiency. Additionally, the potential of nanofluids to improve thermal conductivity is explored. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of optimizing CSP systems to maximize efficiency, offering insights into innovations that could further enhance the adoption of solar thermal energy worldwide.Öğe Application of Efficient Mobile Robot Navigation through Machine Learning Technique(American Institute of Physics, 2024) Zabar, Hiba Fouad; Alaiwi, YaserMapping and exploration of previously unexplored regions are critical competencies for autonomous mobile robots. To steer robots to the unexplored portions of their surroundings that will give the most new information to an occupancy map, information-theoretic exploration methods were created. In the interim, concurrent confinement and planning (hammer) is a technique for surveying map exactness and overseeing restriction mistakes when there is loud relative information. Thus, Hammer-based investigation, or dynamic Hammer, has been effectively used to independently plan an obscure climate while managing robot milestones and stance equivocality. Be that as it may, the dynamic part of dynamic Hammer investigation methods is tedious because of the prerequisite for forward reproduction of future robot estimations and the expectation of the resulting guide and stance vulnerability. Due to the high time complexity of such methods, this strategy will eventually fail for real-time decision-making with the rising dimensionality of the state space and the action space. In this proposed work, we introduce learning-based exploration algorithms to provide reduced computation time and near-optimal exploration techniques under uncertainty. First, we offer a method for solving autonomous mobile robot exploration problems using a robot's local map and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) without taking localization uncertainty into account. During the online testing phase, the DRL controller provides robot sensing actions that are almost as informative and efficient as those of a normal mutual information-maximizing controller while requiring significantly less computational work. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Öğe Corrosion reduction in steam turbine blades using nano-composite coating(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Sattar, Sabaa; Alaiwi, Yaser; Radhi, Nabaa Sattar; Al-Khafaji, Zainab; Al-Hashimi, Osamah; Alzahrani, Hassan; Yaseen, Zaher MundherThe current study aims to reduce the hot corrosion issues in steam turbines for Al-Mussaib thermal power stations. To gain the aim of the study, many experimental tests were conducted by taking a sample from an existing broken steam turbine blade to identify the alloy composition and preparing samples with exact composition by powder metallurgy method, then using the electro-deposition method to coat the prepared samples by three different coating composite materials consists of TiO2 in different ratios (5, 10 and 15) g/l and 5 g/l SiO2 added to Watt's solution. To verify the efficiency of coating, several tests were conducted (surface roughness, hardness, wear, and oxidation test). The obtained results indicated that increasing the Ni-5%SiO2-TiO2 (5, 10 and 15) g/l caused an increase in the coating thickness, which is compatible with increasing the surface roughness. Also, the sample hardness increased after coating, which returned to increasing TiO2 amount (5, 10 and 15) g/l. However, wear resistance for the samples after coating by selected coating composite and 10 g/l TiO2 amount records the highest reduction in the wear of the sample.Öğe Design and Analysis of Compound Die to Produce L-Shape Product with 3 Holes(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2024) Jundi, Ahmad; Alaiwi, YaserThis study focuses on the design and analysis of a compound die, essential in sheet metal processing. A product from the market, defined by specific dimensions, is selected for a detailed representation in SOLIDWORKS. The design of the die, guided by mathematical modeling, aims to optimize the thickness of each component, considering the impact of cutting forces. Executed in SOLIDWORKS, the design is then subjected to a comprehensive structural analysis using ANSYS Workbench. This phase evaluates stress levels, deformations, and safety factors. A critical element of this research is the comparison between AISI D2 and AISI O1 tool steels, assessing their effectiveness in die construction. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the Piercing Punch and Blanking Punch within the die, examining their performance under operational conditions. © (2024) The author. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Öğe Design and analytical study to improve the ingredients of the 2012 Honda Accord's double wishbone suspension system(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2023) Albassam, Zahraa; Alaiwi, YaserWhen a vehicle takes a turn at a high rate of speed, it is frequently rendered unstable, and the vehicle may lose touch with the way if the cornering is paired with a bump in the pavement. This can be especially dangerous if the vehicle is traveling in the opposite direction of the bump. The strategy asks for the design and manufacture of a suspension system and wheel assembly that are robust enough to withstand high speed cornering while also being able to ride comfortably over bumps of varied degrees of severity, Another crucial element of vehicle design is material choice since it allows us to lighten the vehicle while still maintaining the safety of the planned components, improving performance, We used the data and dimensions of the Honda Accord 2012, available in its own company, in our theoretical calculations to obtain the forces Depending on braking and bending conditions required to be applied to the components of the double wishbone suspension system which is made by solidworks2022 Where we selected the wishbone system's fundamental dimensions. Then, in order to determine the optimal materials for the Honda accord2012 double wishbone suspension system, a structural study is carried out with the aid of the ANSYS2021R2 program by modelling the loads exerted on just this suspension system individually using the wheel, wishbones, and knuckle. The suspension system's parts were then placed through some kind of series of quality control tests to make sure that only the best materials were utilized in their fabrication This is due to the fact that it is one of the most crucial sections of the vehicle. The results of this study were then used to refine the suspension system's design and select the best metals for it, by taking into account, among other things, the material's strength, cost of manufacture, weight, and availability. The purpose of the document, among other things, is to: A- Research all chassis parameters. B- Analyze a double wishbone suspension system parameter and try to optimize it. c) A study of the performance-influencing factors for the current suspension systems, d-To get the highest performance as well as material for a double wishbone suspension system, reduce or control the extent to which these aspects have an impact during the design phase.Öğe Efficiency Improvement of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by using TiO2/water Nanofluid(Semarak Ilmu Publishing, 2024) Hussein, Diyar F.; Alaiwi, YaserHeat exchangers are commonly utilized to transfer heat between two fluids in a number of industries. However, parameters such as fluid flow velocity, temperature difference, and thermal conductivity limit their efficiency. Researchers have investigated the use of nanofluids-fluids containing nanoparticles that boost thermal characteristics-to improve the performance of heat exchangers. The use of nanofluids can improve the efficiency of double-pipe heat exchangers. However, research on the influence of TiO2/water nanofluid on the performance of double-pipe heat exchangers is insufficient. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of TiO2/water nanofluid on the efficiency of a double-pipe copper counter-flow heat exchanger. A double-pipe copper counter-flow heat exchanger using cold (room temperature) and hot (70°C) water as working fluids was used in an experimental investigation. They created nanofluids by adding varying concentrations (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) of TiO2 nanoparticles to water and measuring their heat conductivity and viscosity. They then calculated the overall heat transfer coefficient and efficacy by measuring the input and outlet temperatures as well as the flow rates of both fluids. It was discovered that adding TiO2 nanoparticles to water enhanced its heat conductivity and viscosity substantially. The overall heat transfer coefficient increased up to 0.3% but declined at 0.5% nanoparticle concentration. At a nanoparticle concentration of 0.3%, the maximum effectiveness was attained, with a corresponding increase in efficiency of up to 23%. The scientists found that using TiO2/water nanofluid to improve the efficiency of double-pipe heat exchangers is a viable option. © 2024, Semarak Ilmu Publishing. All rights reserved.Öğe Employing Innovative Energy-Saving and Optimization Techniques for A Zero-Energy Consumption Building: A Case Study in Turkey(American Institute of Physics, 2025) Mwafaq, Baraa; Alaiwi, YaserThis research was guided to identify various vital contributions and beneficial impacts of innovative energy-saving methods and modern energy-efficient approaches to minimize excessive energy consumption in facilities based on other evaluation methods that were not employed greatly or addressed broadly in the current literature, namely MATLAB and Python Simulation processes. To achieve the goal of this article, a case study was considered and analyzed, representing a building in Turkey (240 m2) with significant cooling demands requiring to be optimized and mitigated, helping provide a zero-energy consumption facility that relies only on passive cooling techniques and thermal insulation materials. Simulations and optimization procedures were adopted to explore critical gains of energy-saving mechanisms using Python and MATLAB. According to the numerical research outcomes and simulation work, the research revealed that utilizing modern and practical energy-saving approaches could reduce harmful relative humidity values from 60.4% to 25.1%, corresponding to active prevention of mold, mildew, and microbes. Also, the overall internal temperature declined from 29.8 ºC to 21.3 ºC, and cooling load reduction from 216.8 kW to 99.5 kW, before and after implementing functional energy efficiency solutions, respectively. Furthermore, it was determined that deploying those novel energy-saving technologies, passive cooling and heating, and functional insulation materials would reduce the overall annual budget needed for cooling requirements from 103.1 USD to 49.7 USD. These aspects, in turn, could fulfill beneficial thermal comfort and alleviate the yearly generation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and make this facility more ecologically friendly and sustainable.Öğe Experimental investigation of thermal performance of single pass solar collector using high porosity metal foams(Elsevier, 2023) Mutar, Wisam Mohammed; Alaiwi, YaserThe previous literature showed that there have been many studies focusing on some specific aspects of single-pass solar air collectors, such as the effects of the number of passes, the shape of fins, and their effects on thermal performance. Also, the effect of thermal efficiency accompanied by the existence of these fins has been the interest of many studies. A few research types are dealing with using porous materials (Metal foam) to improve thermal performance. Therefore, an experimental apparatus was designed and fabricated to study the effect of Metal Foam (MF) on the performance of solar air collectors. The experiments were held in Iraq, Al Ramadi climate conditions. A comparison of three configurations of absorber plates of solar air heaters with and without MF is presented and evaluated. The results showed that by including MF fins in the absorber plate, the absorber plate's surface area was increased, increasing heat transmission compared to a flat plate (without MF). Moreover, utilizing MF at the tilted angle of 45° (MFθ=45o) increased turbulence intensity, which improved the mixing of cold and hot air. The MFθ=45o layout had the best thermal efficiency of the three employed configurations (94.8%), followed by the MFθ=0o configuration (62.6%) and the flat plate configuration (33.8%), all with the same mass flow rate. Finally, when using MF fins with a tilted angle of 45°, the air temperature differential is bigger compared to MF fins with a tilted angle of 0° or a flat plate collector.Öğe Exploration Of Key Approaches to Enhance Evacuated Tube Solar Collector Efficiency(Penerbit Akademia Baru, 2024) Al-Abayechi, Yasir; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabThis research is carried out to investigate and examine the critical benefits and significant contributions of integrating nanoparticles into the ETSC system to enhance the thermal efficiency, thermal performance, temperature out, and energy storage of the ETSC. The Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2022.1 software package implemented numerical analysis and thermal simulations. Further, a comparative analysis is conducted on two case studies to validate the critical role and contributions of employing the aluminum oxide nanomaterial in the solar collector system to enhance its thermal efficiency and improve its thermal performance and heat transfer, including (1) conventional ETSC and (2) ETSC with Al2O3. According to the numerical analysis and comparative study findings, the results of this research revealed that employing and adding the aluminum oxide nanomaterial into the ETSC system had contributed to several beneficial impacts and significant advantages. In addition, using Al2O3 achieved enhancements in the thermal efficiency, increases in the outlet collector’s temperature, improvements in the rate of heat flux of the pipes, the tube inside the collector, heat transfer of the hot water storage tank, and a rise in the temperature gradient the hot water temperature increased from (between 44.3 and 74.8 ºC) to (between 49.6-80.3 ºC). Besides, the velocity of the water flow inside the solar collector in the second case in which the aluminum oxide nanoparticles are used was higher due to the absorption of further solar radiation and thermal energy, which resulted in a considerable increase in the kinetic energy of water molecules from 0.01 to 0.07 m/s. Also, it was found that the velocity directions and profile were slightly more turbulent in the second case than the conventional solar collector due to more thermal energy absorbed and stored in the ETSC from solar radiation. © 2024, Penerbit Akademia Baru. All rights reserved.Öğe Fatigue characterization of eco-composites with natural fiber for transtibial prosthetic socket(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023) Al-Khafaji, Falah; Alaiwi, YaserEco-composites is a natural fiber (NF) reinforced composites that are the focus of numerous scientific and research projects, those composites are studied in the present paper for manufacturing prosthetic sockets where natural and synthetic fibers were used as reinforcement. The composite materials utilized here are hybrid ones made of natural fibers like bamboo and kenaf as well as laminating polyurethane resin and synthetic fibers like carbon fiber and Perlon (80:20). The current study investigated the effects of various fiber types on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid eco-composites. The materials were created in three groups, each one with ten layers. The first group consists of four Perlon layers, two carbon fibers, and four Perlon layers. The second group includes two layers each of Perlon, kenaf, carbon fiber, and Perlon. The third one has two Perlon layers as well as two layers each of bamboo fiber, carbon fiber, and Perlon. The research also includes three different levels of interface pressure measurement between the socket and the limb. The pressure between the socket and the residual limb was measured by placing sensors on four different areas of the residual limb (Anterior, Lateral, Posterior, and Medial). The patient was a male who was 26 years old, weighed 73 kg, was 175 cm in length, and had his right leg amputated. The interface pressure is measured, applied to the socket, and mathematically analyzed using the ANSYS software to assess the stresses, deformation, and safety factors generated during the movement. The results showed, as compared to the other two groups, that the third group's yield stress, ultimate stress, elasticity modules, and fatigue are the best.Öğe Heat transfer enhancement using ferro-nanofluid with magnetic field in tube having ınserted twisted tube(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2023) Al Zerkani, Salim; Alaiwi, YaserThis study investigates heat transfer enhancement through the application of ferronanofluid in conjunction with twisted tape inserts, with particular emphasis on the effect of escalating ferro-nanofluid concentration. The influence of a magnetic field on the ferro-nanofluid and its subsequent impact on heat transfer rates is also simulated. To gain a deeper understanding of the stream field, computational fluid dynamics studies are undertaken, with the Cartesian direction being the focal point of mathematical methodologies. The numerical model and mesh are constructed using ANSYS. The numerical results elucidate the heat transfer improvement process utilizing twisted tape and ferro-nanofluid under various conditions: rotational cycles, magnetic field intensity, and ferro-nanofluid concentration. Moreover, the influence of these conditions on pressure, temperature, and fluid velocity is assessed when deploying ferro-nanofluid in conjunction with a magnetic field for heat transfer enhancement. The findings reveal that, irrespective of the operating conditions, fluid pressure tends to decrease while the fluid temperature and velocity increase with the intensification of the magnetic field, the concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and the rotational cycles.Öğe The Impact of Fiber Laser Welding Parameters on Alloy 6061-T6(American Institute of Physics, 2024) Shanoer, Abdulameer M.; Alaiwi, YaserIn the aircraft industry, which has a large number of connections of various designs previously made by riveting, aluminum alloys are frequently used. Mounting defects include the additional weight of the structure, stress concentration, crevice corrosion, and vibration-induced collapse. In addition, it is a labor and time-intensive job. The laser welding can be used. A future tool that, because of its heat, is preferred over other joining methods, such as arc welding. Filling type and its effect on the microstructure. The work aims to develop the laser welding process to obtain the best mechanical properties close to the original metal's properties, where modern methods are used and bypass the old traditional methods. Through a mathematical model (BBD), it is proposed to develop the process used depending on several variables used in welding aluminium alloy sheets (6061-T6), such as the effect of welding speed, smoothness, and shielding gas flow rate (He, without shielding gas) Minimum welds and surface defects. A study of the weldability of the alloy in terms of joint strength, toughness and fatigue was performed. The weld current was also investigated by comparing the hardness and tensile test results. The design software and fatigue testing were used to determine and then generate ideal process parameters by generating a mathematical model. Helium provided the best result compared to other shielding gas conditions used in the investigation, and laser-material interaction was possible. Flawless microstructures, welds and hardness data confirmed a heat-affected zone (HAZ) and a 10% decrease in total hardness after welding. A decrease in the bending resistance was observed by 6.9%. And a decrease in the fatigue test by about 35%. These values are the best that can be obtained, and they are closer to the mechanical properties of the metal before the welding process. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Öğe INVESTIGATING BACK SURFACE COOLING SYSTEM USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS AND HEATSINK ON PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE(Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering, 2024) Aljumaili, Ahmed; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabThis research aims to improve thermal performance and compare the performance of two common crystalline PV panel types (Mono and poly). Modules with a back-cooling system were designed and numerically analyzed with SolidWorks and ANSYS-Fluent-2021-R2 for the simulation under Baghdad weather at noon. The cooling system used consists of a phase-change material, paraffin wax (RT55), with a thickness of 5 cm and a heatsink with 33 fins with heights of 10, 20, and 30 mm and thicknesses of 2, 4, and 6 mm. to select the best height of the wax 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 cm examined. The result showed that for polycrystals, the panel temperature was reduced by 8.4°C using PCM and 11.9°C using PCM-fins. Also, output power was enhanced to 200.6 W by 10.2 W, and efficiency improved by 5%. Similarly, using PCM and PCM-fins lowered the temperature of the monocrystalline by 8.3 and 12.5°C, respectively. Therefore, the output power is enhanced to 202.4 W by 10.7 W and improves the electrical efficiency by 5.2%. The results of the study showed that mono had better performance than poly. This result is acceptable and is in good agreement with previous studies. © 2024, Mustansiriyah University College of Engineering. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of dynamic behavior and durability of double cardan drive shafts with composite materials for high-speed vehicles(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2024) Al-Ghrairi, Ahmed; Alaiwi, Yaser; Jundi, Ahmad; Mulki, Hasan; Abushammala, OmranThis research aims to design and analyze a Double Cardan Driveshaft for high-speed vehicles using advanced computational tools and composite materials. The study employs a comprehensive methodology that combines theoretical concepts with practical design and analysis techniques. The driveshaft is designed using SOLIDWORKS software, and numerical simulations are performed using ANSYS Workbench. Modal analysis is conducted to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the driveshaft, while harmonic response analysis investigates the driveshaft’s behavior under the influence of torque at high rotational speeds. The study focuses on integrating composite materials, such as carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (Vf50%) and epoxy resin-infused fabric (biaxial), to enhance the performance and durability of the driveshaft. The numerical simulations are carried out in two stages, analysing the driveshaft made of traditional steel and then incorporating composite materials. The results demonstrate that integrating composite materials significantly improves the performance of the Double Cardan Driveshaft. The optimized design with epoxy resin-infused fabric (biaxial) exhibits a 338% increase in the safety factor and a 99.6% reduction in the damage factor compared to the traditional steel design.Öğe Investigation of Effective Factors on Thermal Efficiency of Steam Boiler Used in Power Plants(American Institute of Physics, 2024) Alsaedi, Hayder; Alaiwi, YaserBoiler is a pressure vessel that provides a heat transfer surface (generally a set of tubes) between the combustion products and the water. A boiler is usually integrated into a system with many components. It used to produce steam. The generation part of a steam system uses a boiler to add energy to a feedwater supply to generate steam. The energy is released from the combustion of fossil fuels or from process waste heat The purpose of this study is to examine and evaluate the positive effects of using cast iron and stainless steel in steam boilers, specifically with regard to improving the boilers' thermal and structural performance, mechanical qualities, and durability. Numerical analysis, 3D mathematical modeling, and simulation were crucial to the success of the investigation. The study found that the maximum Von Mises stress recorded for the cast iron was 2.0499 MPa, and the maximum Von Mises stress of the stainless steel was 2.0406 MPa, both based on simulations and numerical results produced via the ANSYS software package. Cast iron had a maximum elastic strain of 0.0328. In contrast, stainless steel's maximum elastic strain was only 0.0140. Cast iron experienced maximum overall deformations of 82.86 mm. As a point of contrast, the maximum overall deformations of the stainless steel were just 36.66 mm. Stainless steel's mechanical qualities surpass those of cast iron. Stainless steel's superior corrosion resistance, durability, and mechanical performance meant it was the material of choice for the steam boiler. The Von Mises stress, elastic strain, and total deformations were all reduced by 4.53%, 57.32%, and 55.71%, respectively, when stainless steel was used in place of cast iron in the second case study scenario. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of Heat Transfer and Swirl Flow Between Concentric Cylinders(Hashemite University, 2025) Jasim, Mohanad Abdulkhudhur; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabSwirl flows, especially in decaying forms, have shown promise in enhancing thermal performance with minimal mechanical complexity, providing a practical alternative to traditional forced convection methods in annular geometries. The swirling flows are created by introducing tangential air inflow, which promotes mixing and disrupts thermal boundary layers, thereby increasing heat transfer. This approach is valuable in applications where efficient thermal management is critical, such as in heat exchangers, reactors, and rotating machinery. This study highlights the potential effectiveness of swirling decaying flows in enhancing heat transfer, as initially proposed by Talbot. Local Nusselt numbers were experimentally measured in an annular space between concentric cylinders under a constant heat flux boundary condition. Swirling air motion was generated by tangential inlet slots, allowing air to enter with varying slot numbers and tangency angles. The resulting flow field within the annulus maintained a Reynolds number below 2000, aligning with the study's focus on low-Reynolds, laminar flow conditions for examining the impact of swirl flow on heat transfer between concentric cylinders. Careful consideration was given to keeping track of errors from their collection of sources and their propagation in the results. In heat transfer enhancement, swirling flow showed real promise; augmentation of up to 24 % could be achieved, while in power consumption, swirling flow was considerably more demanding than the fully developed non-working laminar flow. Even with the acceptable accuracy of the experimental measurements, the data reduction yielded substantial errors - up to 300 % of the calculated value - thereby undermining the results and the assumptions.Öğe Investigation of the Effect of Adding Nitrogen on the Torque Generated by a Four-Cylinder Engine(Semarak Ilmu Publishing, 2025) Jasim, Mustafa Raheem; Alaiwi, Yaser; Al-Khafaji, ZainabThe engine's power stroke involves injecting LN2 into the cylinder at the top dead centre, allowing nitrogen and air gas to escape. This process, without combustion, overcomes engine friction losses, enabling intake, compression, and output power. Previous studies have focused on improving diesel engine efficiency by adding materials like hydrogen, NO2, clean gasoline, ammonia, LN2, NO, and NOX and altering engine design and spark plugs. This study explores the potential benefits of liquid nitrogen-fuelled automobile engines despite their past inefficiency and similarity to compressed-air engines due to energy waste. The study underscores the potential of nitrogen gas addition in improving the cleanliness and efficiency of diesel engines, paving the way for further research and advancements. Uses CFD simulations to analyze the impact of nitrogen gas concentration on combustion effectiveness, emissions, and performance metrics of a compression-ignition diesel engine, explicitly focusing on nitrogen oxide and particulate matter emissions and their influence on mixture flow velocity. The addition of nitrogen gas significantly impacts combustion dynamics, altering temperature and pressure patterns. The mass flow rate and velocity are positively correlated, and the crankshaft deforms more rapidly with engine rotational speed. Nitrogen gas concentrations affect deformation and pressure, with higher values observed at 1800 RPM and 2200 RPM. The combustion process can be enhanced by adding hydrogen concentrations, changing engine shapes and designs, or using different fuel types. Nitrogen gas concentrations inversely relate to temperature, with higher concentrations causing lower temperatures, which is consistent with nitrogen gas's primary role in reducing engine temperature. Nitrogen gas concentration is linked to pressure gradients.Öğe Investigation of the effective factors on solar powered fixed-wing UAV for extended flight endurance(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Alfalari, Aws; Alaiwi, YaserIn recent years, big interest of wing geometry emerged because it affects all other aircraft components. Geometry affects aircraft forces due to airflow characteristics. Solar cells enhance the plane's flying time. This research examines how wing designs affect airfoil characteristics. This simulation was done using CFD ANSYS analysis. These two varieties were chosen to better understand the forces on subsonic aircraft and enhance the wing shape design. In this investigation, air speed was (5.5, 8.8, and 11.11 m/s). CFD Simulation shows that the two kinds of airfoils have similar lift and drag coefficients were determined according to angle of attack. The lift coefficient and drag coefficient were determined according to air speed. In both cases, angle of attack was increased gradually. When the attack angle increases, drag force increases too. Drag generated a downwash of air behind the wing, threatening lift and stability. Current work employs optimum wing design to avoid this problem. The revised proposed wing reduces induced drag by separating top and bottom loads. The investigation lengthened the plane's flight and reduced its power. Lift force, lift coefficient, and drag coefficient affect wing performance.Öğe Investigation of the Relationship Between Temperature and Volume Fraction on the Mechanical Properties of a Polymeric Composite Material(American Institute of Physics, 2024) Mohammed, Nadhim; Alaiwi, YaserIn this research, the properties of composite materials and the influence of volume fraction and temperature on these properties were studied, samples consisting of polyester as a matrix reinforced by glass fibers were prepared with different volume fractions (10%, 20%, 30%), After that, the mechanical properties of the prepared samples were tested under different temperatures (room temperature, 60 °C and 80 °C), the room temperature equal 23 °C. From the obtained results from the mechanical tests, the mechanical properties improve and increase with the increasing the volume fraction. It has been found that the hardness and compressive strength decrease when the temperature is increased, while the tensile strength, flexural resistance and impact resistance increase when the temperature is increased to 60 °C, but decrease when the temperature is increased to 80 °C, and this means that the tensile, flexural and impact resistance increase to a certain extent when increasing temperature, but it starts to drop when this limit is exceeded. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.
