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    NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
    (Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2022) Erhan, Cagri; Basturk, Suleyman; Atilla, Dogu Cagdas; Ata, Uyesi Oguz; Agma, Onur
    The defence industry has pioneered technological developments throughout Turkish history, as in all other nations. The Turkish states was in leading and decisive positions both in regional and international arena during the periods when their defence technology was superior. However, during the periods when their defence technology began to decline, they experienced difficulties caused by foreign dependency in this field. 15(th) and 16(th) centuries, defined as the Rising Period of the Ottoman Empire can be an example in this regard. In this period, the Ottoman Empire developed its military capabilities by itself to a large extent and became an empire that spread over three continents. The opposite was observed during the periods of stagnation and regression. The founding cadres, who emerged victorious from the War of Independence and founded the Republic of Turkiye, made great investments in the field of defense industry, as they did in every field, together with the Republican period. These investments led to the establishment of deep-rooted institutions that form the basis of the civil and defence industry in all areas of the country. After the Second World War, with the close military cooperation with the United States of America (USA), some defense industry institutions were closed and foreign dependency in the arms industry increased. While this situation brought a heavy burden to Turkiye's economy, it also prevented it from taking steps towards its national interests in the international arena. The arms embargo imposed on Turkiye by the USA after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation once again revealed the importance of possessing domestic and national technology. Since the 1990s, some states, using Turkiye's fight against terrorism as an excuse, have imposed restrictions on the sale of arms and ammunition to Turkiye from time to time. Established in the 1980s following the end of the embargoes, Turkish defence industry organisations first started to manufacture licensed parts and then national and original products/platforms after the 2000s. These products met the military and strategic needs of the Turkish Armed Forces, and they have also positively contributed to international relations through export to friendly and allied countries. This study explores the processes and developments in Turkish defence industry, which is the source and core of the national technology initiative, from the pre-Republican era to the present, with a focus on their effects on Turkiye's international relations.
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    Öğe
    A novel vision for mathematical model between electromagnetic radiation and thermodynamic parameters in biochemistry frame
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) AL-Sabti, Saif Mohamed Baraa; Atilla, Dogu Cagdas
    This paper shows a novel approach and a new model to find the relation of formulas between the thermodynamic parameters and electromagnetic parameters, directly and indirectly. Effectiveness of formulas is discussed by considering issues: no thermoregulation process (including body metabolism), no heat transfer consideration, and the Heating loss has not occurred and boundary conditions in a closed system. The enthalpy, internal energy, and Gibbs free energy are perfect indicators for describing bio-reaction in the human body. Because they are state functions (they are independent of intermediate steps, just first and final steps), they are affected by the SAR estimation that represents the absorption power throughout human tissue. These formulas brought in many features to control body reactions or Krebs cycle. Moreover, the derived formulas convert the reaction from non-spontaneous to spontaneous form by converting Gibbs free energy to a negative value. According to findings, the model can be applied in across many disciplines, such as medical treatment, lipid decomposition, cancer healing, and physical therapy. And in the end, as a result of an increase in the concentration of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere due to technological development, which urges urgently to amend and update all equations to take into account the effect of magnetic waves in all disciplines affected by them.