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    Comparision of ureteral stent colonization between deceased and live donor renal transplant recipients
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Sarıer, M.; Seyman, D.; Tekin, S.; Duman, I.; Uygun, B.; Demir, M.; Yavuz, A. H.
    Background. The use of a ureteral stent can cause a urinary tract infection (UTI), although it reduces urologic complications. UTIs are associated with a higher rate of ureteral stent colonization (USC). The aim of this study was to compare USC in living and deceased donor renal transplant recipients. Material and Methods. We conducted a prospective study of 48 patients who underwent renal transplantation between January and December 2016. The stents were removed aseptically, the inner surface of proximal and distal ends of stents were irrigated with liquid culture medium, and then they were vortexed for bacteriological investigation. Urine cultures were taken at the same time. Results. A total of 45 renal transplantation patients (21 from cadavers, 24 from live donors) were evaluated in the study. The duration time of stent retention in patients with live donors was 25.04 +/- 4.55 and in patients with deceased donors was 26.19 +/- 4.08 days (P = .376). USC was observed in 12 (57.1%) and 6 (25%) patients while positive urine culture (PUC) was detected in 5 (23.8%) and 2 (8.3%) patients in deceased and live donor transplant recipients, respectively. Although the USC rate was significantly higher in the deceased donor renal transplant group (P = .022), there was no significant different in the rates of PUC (P = .137). Enterecoccus species was the common pathogen isolated from ureteral stent and urine. The micro-organisms isolated from ureteral stent in deceased and live donors, respectively, were distributed as follows: Enterococcus 5/3, Candida 3/1, Escherichia coli 2/1, Kebsiella pneumonia 1/1, and staphylococci in 1/0 patients. All E coli and K pneumoniae are extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive isolates and resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX/TMP). Conclusions. We report a high incidence of USC in deceased renal transplants. Enterecoccus instead of E coli is the most common pathogen during the first month after transplantation. Transplantation centers should be aware that deceased donor renal transplant recipients are more prone to stent-related infection and the antibacterial resistance rapidly increases in uropathogens.
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    Evaluation of ureteral stent colonization in live-donor renal transplant recipients
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Sarıer, M.; Demir, M.; Duman, I.; Yüksel, Y.; Demirbaş, A.
    Background. Ureteral stent insertion during kidney transplantation is a matter of debate. Stenting has been proven to reduce the risk of surgical complications. In addition, it has been reported to increase risks such as urinary tract infections especially after operation. Ureteral stent colonization (USC) is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of stent related-infections. The aim of this study was (1) to assess the frequency of USC and values of urine cultures in identifying colonizing bacteria; (2) to assess the importance of indwelling time for USC in live-donor renal transplant recipients; and (3) to evaluate the biomarker role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on USC. Methods. A total of 107 live-donor kidney transplant patients were included in the study (76 men and 31 women). The mean age was 43.7 years, and average indwelling time of the ureteral stent was 24.7 days. Patients were divided into three groups according to indwelling stent time as group 1: 15 to 21 days (3rd week), group 2: 22 to 28 days (4th week), and group 3: 29 to 35 days (5th week). The decision to remove the stent was primarily based on clinical judgment. Ureteral stents were removed with the use of flexible cystoscopy. Midstream urine for urine culture and blood samples for NLR were taken prior to stent removal. The removed stents were divided into three parts and taken for bacteriological investigation. Results. Of 107 patients, USC was detected in 24 (22.4%) patients, whereas urinary proliferation was observed in 8 (7.4%) patients. The most common microorganisms found in USC was the Enterecoccus species. The most common microorganisms in urinary culture were Enterecoccus spp. and Klebsiella pnemoniae. All patients with isolated microorganisms in the urine had USC (P < .001). On the other hand, proliferation in urinary culture was observed only in 30% of patients. Urine culture was not significant in identification of USC (P = .063). The three patient groups that were determined according to indwelling stent time were compared in terms of USC, proliferation in urine culture, and NLR. The highest incidence of USC was found in group 3 (44%) and the least in group 2 (11%) (P < .05). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of urine culture (P = .546). Although no significant difference was found between groups 1 and 2 in NLR values (P = .755), NLR was significantly higher in group 3 (P = .026). Conclusions. Colonization is common in ureteral stents inserted in live-donor kidney transplant patients, although routine urine culture is insufficient in identfying this colonization. The most common microorganism detected in ureteral stent colonization was Enterecoccus spp. The 4th week was the most convenient time for stent removal time in terms of USC among the 3rd, 4th, and 5th weeks. In addition, increased NLR might have value as a biomarker for USC.
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    Optimal timing for removal of the double-j stent after kidney transplantation
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Yüksel, Y.; Tekin, S.; Yüksel, D.; Duman, I.; Sarıer, M.; Yücetin, L.; Asuman, Y. H.
    Background. Urologic complications (UC) have gradually decreased in recent years after advanced surgical experience. The incidence of urologic complications varies between 0.22% and 30% in different medical studies. There is no routine usage of double-J stenting (DJS) during renal transplantation (RT) in the literature. It is a necessity, and optimal timing for stent removal is an important question for many transplantation centers. Methods. This study includes 818 renal transplant patients whose ureteroneocystostomy anastomoses were completed by use of the Lich-Gregorie procedure during a 2-year period at a transplantation center. We performed 926 renal transplantations at Antalya Medical Park Hospital Renal Transplantation Center between January 2014 and January 2016. The patients were divided into four groups according to the timing of DJS removal. Results. For group 1, removal time for DJS was between 5 and 7 days; group 2, Removal time for DJS was between 8 and 14 days; group 3, removal time for DJS was between 15 and 21 days; and group 4, removal time for DJS was later than 22 days. The patients were divided into two groups according to removal time of stent as 5 to 14 days and >15 days. DJS was performed again in the patients whose urine output was reduced during the first 5 days after removal of the DJS, whose creatine level increased, and whose graft ureter and collecting tubules were extended as an ultrasonographic finding. Conclusions. There is no declared optimal time for the removal of DJS. The removal time was reported between postoperative first week and 3 months in some of the reports of RT centers, according to their protocols. We emphasize that the optimal time for the removal of DJS is 14 to 21 days after RT, based on the findings of our large case report study.
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    Pregnancy and delivery in the sequel of, kidney transplantation: Single-center study of 8 years' experience
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Yüksel, Y.; Tekin, S.; Yüksel, D.; Duman, I.; Sarıer, M.; Yücetin, L.; Demirbaş, A.; Uğurlu, T.; Celep, H.; İnal, M. M.
    Background. Depending on hyphothalamic, hyphophyseal, and gonadal axis dysfunction, anovulatory irregular cycles occur and the probability of pregnancy decreases in the patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Maternal mortality and morbidity rates are increased in CKD patients; the risk of premature delivery is 70% and the risk of preeclampsia is 40% more than normal among those with a creatine level of >2.5 mg/dL. Methods. If a pregnancy is expected in the sequel of kidney transplantation (KT), a multidisciplinary team approach should be adopted and both the gynecologist and the nephrologist should follow the patient simultaneously. Among 3883 patients who underwent KT at Antalya Medical Park Hospital Transplantion Department between November 2009 and October 2016, the records of 550 female patients between the ages of 18 and 40 years were examined retrospectively; 31 patients who complied with these criteria were included in the study group. In 6 of these patients who had an unplanned pregnancy, medical abortion was performed after the families were informed about the possible fetal anomalies caused by the use of everolimus in the first trimester, and they were excluded from the study (pregnant group). The control group consisted of 43 patients who had a KT and became pregnant, and of those who had recently undergone KT and shared similarities regarding age, CKD etiology, duration of dialysis, and number of transplants. Results. In both groups, the ages of the patients, their follow-up span and dialysis duration, tissue compatibility, age of the donor, and time elapsed until the pregnancy was analyzed, whereas in the control group, creatinine levels in the first, second, third, and fourth years after the KT were reviewed. Additionally, in the pregnant group, creatinine levels of the first, second, and third trimesters; delivery week; birth weight of the baby; APGAR scores of the first minute; postnatal creatinine levels of first, second, and third years; and prenatal, maternal, and postnatal acute rejections were reviewed. We measured the creatine clearance by use of the Cockcroft-Gault formula in the pregnancy group before pregnancy and during delivery [Cockcroft-Gault formula: (140 - age) x body weight (kg)/72 x plasma creatine level (mg/dL) x 0.85]. Conclusions. Pregnancy after KT is risky both for the mother and the baby; however, if planned and followed in coordination within an experienced center, both the pregnancy period and the birth process can occur without distress.
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    Results of real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in renal transplant recipients with sterile pyuria
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2017) Sarıer, M.; Demir, M.; Göktaş, S.; Duman, I.; Büyükkınacı, M.; Yüksel, Y.; Şengül, A.; Yavuz, A. H.
    Urinary tract infections are a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization after renal transplantation. Patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs suffer not only from common uropathogens but also from opportunistic infections caused by unusual uropathogens. Sterile pyuria is associated with numerous infectious agents including viruses, fungi, and atypical or fastidious organisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogens using real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (rtMPCR) assay in sterile pyuria of renal transplant recipients. In this prospective controlled study, pathogen detection was performed with rtMPCR assay on October 2016 in 60 patients with sterile pyuria who had undergone kidney transplantation. A total of 40 renal transplant patients were determined as the control group. Male-to-female ratio was same. The mean age of the subjects with sterile pyuria was 45.7 +/- 12.1 (25-74). The mean duration after transplantation was 28.8 +/- 3.97 (3-102) months. Pathogens were detected with rtMPCR in 61.7% of sterile pyuria group. This rate was significantly higher compared with the control group (P < .001). Two or more different pathogens were found in 13 (21.7%) patients in sterile pyuria group. The pathogens found included cytomegalovirus in 10 patients (19%), Gardnerella vaginalis and obligate anaerobes in 20 patients (38%), Ureaplasma spp in 17 patients (33%), Candida spp in 2 patients (4%), Mycoplasma hominis in one patient (2%), herpes simplex virus-2 in one patient (2%), and Trichomonas vaginalis in one patient (2%). Sterile pyuria may indicate the presence of genitourinary pathogens that cannot be detected with conventional urine culture method in renal transplantation patients. rtMPCR is an accurate and convenient method for detection of multiple potential pathogens of sterile pyuria in renal transplant patients.