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    NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
    (Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2022) Erhan, Cagri; Basturk, Suleyman; Atilla, Dogu Cagdas; Ata, Uyesi Oguz; Agma, Onur
    The defence industry has pioneered technological developments throughout Turkish history, as in all other nations. The Turkish states was in leading and decisive positions both in regional and international arena during the periods when their defence technology was superior. However, during the periods when their defence technology began to decline, they experienced difficulties caused by foreign dependency in this field. 15(th) and 16(th) centuries, defined as the Rising Period of the Ottoman Empire can be an example in this regard. In this period, the Ottoman Empire developed its military capabilities by itself to a large extent and became an empire that spread over three continents. The opposite was observed during the periods of stagnation and regression. The founding cadres, who emerged victorious from the War of Independence and founded the Republic of Turkiye, made great investments in the field of defense industry, as they did in every field, together with the Republican period. These investments led to the establishment of deep-rooted institutions that form the basis of the civil and defence industry in all areas of the country. After the Second World War, with the close military cooperation with the United States of America (USA), some defense industry institutions were closed and foreign dependency in the arms industry increased. While this situation brought a heavy burden to Turkiye's economy, it also prevented it from taking steps towards its national interests in the international arena. The arms embargo imposed on Turkiye by the USA after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation once again revealed the importance of possessing domestic and national technology. Since the 1990s, some states, using Turkiye's fight against terrorism as an excuse, have imposed restrictions on the sale of arms and ammunition to Turkiye from time to time. Established in the 1980s following the end of the embargoes, Turkish defence industry organisations first started to manufacture licensed parts and then national and original products/platforms after the 2000s. These products met the military and strategic needs of the Turkish Armed Forces, and they have also positively contributed to international relations through export to friendly and allied countries. This study explores the processes and developments in Turkish defence industry, which is the source and core of the national technology initiative, from the pre-Republican era to the present, with a focus on their effects on Turkiye's international relations.
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    Öğe
    Opportunities and Risks in Higher Education in the Postpandemic Period
    (Tuba-Turkish Acad Sciences, 2020) Erhan, Cagri; Gumus, Senay
    In the first half of the 2020, we all have witnessed the measures taken to stop the spread of the novel Coronavirus which causes the COVID-19 disease and slow down the pandemic in almost the whole world. One of the most significant measures which was taken to prevent gatherings in public spaces is to stop in person education altogether and move education into digital platforms. On the other hand, in the second half of the 2020, we expect to observe a controlled normalization process until a vaccine is found. Considering that until a vaccine is found, the pandemic will keep affecting people and it will take time to turn back into regular social life, higher education institutions are also expected to adopt into this controlled social life which will last a while longer and keep increasing its educational and scientific activities in this environment. Although, it is still not certain how the higher education institutions will take shape and take its place in the new normal, it is possible to say that there are many risks and opportunities waiting for the higher education institutions. While developments in distance and digital learning may be considered as a big opportunity for the universities, travel restrictions, economic stagnation, problems faced in distance learning and obstacles which was encountered in the internationalization process of higher education may be considered as ominously awaiting risks for the higher education institutions.