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    Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (Part 2): drug classes to consider while prescribing in CKD patients
    (2023) Hafez, Gaye; Malyszko, Jolanta; Golenia, Aleksandra; Klimkowicz-Mrowiec, Aleksandra; Ferreira, Ana Carina; Arıcı, Mustafa; Bruchfeld, Annette; Nitsch, Dorothea; Massy, Ziad A.; Pepin, Marion; Capasso, Giovambattista; Mani, Laila-Yasmin; Liabeuf, Sophie
    There is growing evidence that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment, especially due to vascular damage, blood-brain barrier disruption and uremic toxins. Given the presence of multiple comorbidities, the medication regimen of CKD patients often becomes very complex. Several medications such as psychotropic agents, drugs with anticholinergic properties, GABAergic drugs, opioids, corticosteroids, antibiotics and others have been linked to negative effects on cognition. These drugs are frequently included in the treatment regimen of CKD patients. The first review of this series described how CKD could represent a risk factor for adverse drug reactions affecting the central nervous system. This second review will describe some of the most common medications associated with cognitive impairment (in the general population and in CKD) and describe their effects.
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    Methodological challenges and biases in the field of cognitive function among patients with chronic kidney disease
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Giannakou, Konstantinos; Golenia, Aleksandra; Liabeuf, Sophie; Malyszko, Jolanta; Mattace-Raso, Francesco; Farinha, Ana; Spasovski, Goce; Hafez, Gaye; Wiecek, Andrzej; Capolongo, Giovanna; Capasso, Giovambattista; Massy, Ziad A.
    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 850 million people globally and is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment among CKD patients ranges from 30 to 60%, and the link between CKD and cognitive impairment is partially understood. Methodological challenges and biases in studying cognitive function in CKD patients need to be addressed to improve diagnosis, treatment, and management of cognitive impairment in this population. Here, we review the methodological challenges and study design issues, including observational studies’ limitations, internal validity, and different types of bias that can impact the validity of research findings. Understanding the unique challenges and biases associated with studying cognitive function in CKD patients can help to identify potential sources of error and improve the quality of future research, leading to more accurate diagnoses and better treatment plans for CKD patients.