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    Albuminuria as a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment and dementia—what is the evidence?
    (Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2021) Bikbov, Boris; Soler, Maria Jose; Pesic, Vesna; Capasso, Giovambattista; Unwin, Robert; Endres, Matthias; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Perico, Norberto; Gansevoort, Ron; Mattace-Raso, Francesco; Bruchfeld, Annette; Figurek, Andreja; (Cognitive Decline in Nephro-Neurology European Cooperative Target; Hafez, Gaye
    Kidney dysfunction can profoundly influence many organ systems, and recent evidence suggests a potential role for increased albuminuria in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Epidemiological studies conducted in different populations have demonstrated that the presence of increased albuminuria is associated with a higher relative risk of MCI or dementia both in cross-sectional analyses and in studies with long-term follow-up. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of albuminuria’s effect are as yet insufficiently studied, with several important knowledge gaps still present in a complex relationship with other MCI and dementia risk factors. Both the kidney and the brain have microvascular similarities that make them sensitive to endothelial dysfunction involving different mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation. The exact substrate of MCI and dementia is still under investigation, however available experimental data indicate that elevated albuminuria and low glomerular filtration rate are associated with significant neuroanatomical declines in hippocampal function and grey matter volume. Thus, albuminuria may be critical in the development of cognitive impairment and its progression to dementia. In this review, we summarize the available evidence on albuminuria’s link to MCI and dementia, point to existing gaps in our knowledge and suggest actions to overcome them. The major question of whether interventions that target increased albuminuria could prevent cognitive decline remains unanswered. Our recommendations for future research are aimed at helping to plan clinical trials and to solve the complex conundrum outlined in this review, with the ultimate goal of improving the lives of patients with chronic kidney disease.
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    Methodological challenges and biases in the field of cognitive function among patients with chronic kidney disease
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Giannakou, Konstantinos; Golenia, Aleksandra; Liabeuf, Sophie; Malyszko, Jolanta; Mattace-Raso, Francesco; Farinha, Ana; Spasovski, Goce; Hafez, Gaye; Wiecek, Andrzej; Capolongo, Giovanna; Capasso, Giovambattista; Massy, Ziad A.
    Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 850 million people globally and is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment among CKD patients ranges from 30 to 60%, and the link between CKD and cognitive impairment is partially understood. Methodological challenges and biases in studying cognitive function in CKD patients need to be addressed to improve diagnosis, treatment, and management of cognitive impairment in this population. Here, we review the methodological challenges and study design issues, including observational studies’ limitations, internal validity, and different types of bias that can impact the validity of research findings. Understanding the unique challenges and biases associated with studying cognitive function in CKD patients can help to identify potential sources of error and improve the quality of future research, leading to more accurate diagnoses and better treatment plans for CKD patients.