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    Counter-Trafficking Policy and Immigrant Rights in Turkey
    (Seta Foundation, 2014) Nawyn, Stephanie J.; Birdal, Nur Banu Kavakli
    Turkey has long been a transit site for irregular migration, and policy makers and advocates have stressed the vulnerability of many of these irregular migrants to human trafficking. The Turkish government increased its anti-trafficking efforts in the early 2000s, but these efforts may in fact be increasing immigrants' vulnerability to trafficking. Using data from fieldwork among NGOs and government officials and analyses of laws and policy reports, we analyze the changing legal terrain and shifting migration flows into Turkey. We argue that recent counter-trafficking policies designed to curb human trafficking may in fact be making immigrants more vulnerable to traffickers. Our findings inform the labor exploitation theoretical framework of human trafficking that we proposed in earlier research.
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    Estimating the Extent of Sex Trafficking Problems in Definition and Methodology
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Nawyn, Stephanie J.; Birdal, Nur Banu Kavakli; Glogower, Naomi
    There is a growing scholarly interest in human trafficking, particularly the trafficking of women and girls for the purposes of coerced sex work. However, the field is hindered by both inconsistent definitions of sex trafficking (some of which categorizes all sex work as trafficking) and unreliable methods for estimating the numbers of people who are trafficked. Further, there is a dearth of empirical data on the different types of exploitation involved in trafficking that would allow for an understanding of how trafficking may be part of a larger system of global labor exploitation. In this article we review the different ways that trafficking has been defined, how researchers have estimated the number of people who are trafficked, and the different underlying dynamics of trafficking identified in both scholarly and policy literatures. Using an epistemological framework from forced migration studies, we then suggest improved methods for defining and estimating sex trafficking.
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    Human trafficking and migration management in the global south
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Nawyn, Stephanie J.; Kavaklı, Nur Banu; Demirci-Yılmaz, Tuba; Oflazoğlu, Vanja Pantic
    Turkey has recently transitioned from being largely a country of outmigration and transit migration to a country of destination for many of migrants seeking employment as well as refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Policy makers and advocates have stressed how vulnerable many of these irregular migrants and asylum seekers are to human trafficking. The Turkish government has increased its anti-trafficking efforts, but some of these efforts may be making migrants more vulnerability to trafficking, and limiting migrants' rights and opportunities to receive protection. In this article, we analyze the changing legal terrain and shifting labor migration flows of migrants to Turkey. We argue that domestic and international policies designed to curb human trafficking may in fact be causing migrants to be more vulnerable to traffickers. Our findings inform the labor exploitation theoretical framework of human trafficking that we have proposed in earlier research.
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