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Öğe Assessment of root canal anatomy of mandibular incisors using cone-beam computed tomography in a Turkish subpopulation(2021) Çoban Kanyılmaz, Ata Nisa; Okumuş, Özlem; Sunay, HakkıAim: The success of a root canal treatment is influenced by the status of the root canals. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of second root canals in mandibular incisors and the prevalence of root canal separation in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds in cases with two root canals. Methodology: Retrospective cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data from 500 patients seen between 2016 and 2018 was evaluated. A total of 300 patients—134 male and 166 female—aged 13–71 years (mean age 39.34 ± 13.44) were included in this study. A total of 587 central mandibular incisors and 582 lateral mandibular incisors were examined. The number of roots and the root canal morphology, based on Vertucci’s classification, were analyzed. The effect of gender on the prevalence of root canal anatomy was also evaluated. Results: The occurrences of more than one root canal in the mandibular lateral and mandibular central were 41.2% and 40.4%, respectively, and all teeth had a single root. Type I (59.2%) was the most common type, followed by Type III (31.4%), Type II (5.8%), Type VII (2.1 %), Type VI (0.8%), and Type V (0.7%). Type IV and Type VIII were not observed. Root canal separation in the two root canals of the central and lateral mandibular incisors was found in the middle third of the root in 65.4% and 74.6% of cases, respectively. The incidence of Type III in males (39%) was higher than in females (25.4%), while the incidence of Type I in females (67.7%) was significantly higher than in males (48.3%). Second canals in the mandibular incisors were detected more frequently in men than in women. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of second canals in the mandibular incisors was 40.8%; Type III was observed most frequently. CBCT is an appropriate method for identifying the canal morphologies of mandibular incisors.Öğe Assessment of root canal anatomy of maxillary and mandibular canine teeth : a cone-beam computed tomography study(Universidad de Costa Rica, 2022) Okumuş, Özlem; Kanyılmaz, Ata Nisa ÇobanTo investigate the root canal anatomy of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines in a Turkish subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Retrospective CBCT data of 300 patients admitted to our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were screened and evaluated. A total of 235 patients, 100 males and 135 females, aged 14-76 years (mean age 37.27±13.40) were included in this study. A total of 191 (44,8%) maxillary canine teeth and 235 (55,2%) mandibular canine teeth were examined. The number of roots and root canal morphology according to Vertucci’s classification, the presence of accessory canals, and the position of the apical foramen of the root were analyzed. The effect of gender and age on the incidence of root canal morphology was also investigated. The majority of the teeth had a Type I canal configuration in both maxillary canines (100%) and mandibular canines (92,8%). In the mandibular canines the other canal patterns found were Type III (6,8%), and Type II (0,4%). Apical foramen was centrally positioned in the majority of the teeth, 70,2% and 66,8% in maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. The occurrence of two roots in mandibular canines was 3,8% and the root canal separation was found 53,8% and 46,2% in the middle and cervical third of Cited by 0 documents Inform me when this document is cited in Scopus: Related documents Find more related documents in Scopus based on: Set citation alert ▻ Authors ▻ Keywords ▻ 1 of 1 the root, respectively. No significant statistical difference was observed effect of gender and age on the incidence of the root canal morphology and the position of the apical foramen. Due to the diverse morphology and the potential presence of a second canal for canine teeth among the Turkish subpopulation, dentists should perform endodontic treatments with greater care. CBCT is an accurate tool for the morphological assessment of the root canals.Öğe Cone beam computed tomographic evaluation of styloid process: A retrospective study of 1000 patients(Dental Investigations Society, 2017) Dönmez, Merve; Okumuş, Özlem; Pekiner, Filiz NamdarObjective: The styloid process (SP) is a bony projection, located just anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, the normal length of which is approximately 20-30 mm. The length of SP when exceeds 30 mm it is said to "elongated." The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence of elongated SP (ESP) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination in Turkish subpopulation and its relation to gender and age. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed CBCT of 1000 patients who were randomly selected to participate and were aged from 14 to 78 years. Any radiograph with questionable SP was excluded from the study. The apparent length and thickness of the SP were measured by two dental and maxillofacial radiologists. The ESP was classified with radiographic appearance-based morphology of elongation. The data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: The mean age of patients was 42.49 ± 14.83 years. The length of SP was measured over 30 mm in 151 patients (15.1%). A total of 151 CBCT showed ESP, of which 87 (57.6%) were noticed in males and 64 (42.4%) in female patients. The length of right-sided SP ranged from 30.05 to 85.49 mm and left-sided SP from 30.14 to 83.72 mm. Conclusion: CBCT is a valuable diagnostic imaging tool which makes accurate length measurements. It is important for the clinicians to be aware of natural variations of the SP whose clinical importance is not well understood. © 2017 European Journal of Dentistry.Öğe Determination of age and sex using bimastoid diameter: a cone beam computed tomography study(International Journal of Dental Sciences, 2022) Okumuş, ÖzlemThis study aimed to investigate the possibility of age and sex determination using bimastoid diameter with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study investigated 100 female and 100 male patients aged 18-83 years (mean age: 45.55±16.28 years). To measure bimastoid diameter, the appropriate image was chosen from sagittal, coronal, and axial images of CBCT in which the measurement points could be best detected. The distance between the points of the mastoid process was measured using three-dimensional coronal reconstruction. The mean bimastoid breadth was 106.12±6.22mm. The bimastoid diameter in male cases was higher than that in female cases (110.69±4.53mm vs. 101.65±4.00mm). There was no significant difference in bimastoid breadth with advancing age. For sex determination, morphometric measurements of bimastoid diameter ensured a high rate of dimorphism in the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT morphometric analysis may be reliable and convenient for evaluating sex and may be recommended to compare population data. © 2022, Universidad de Costa Rica. All rights reserved.Öğe Evaluation of the morphometry of the stylomastoid foramen in the Turkish population: a retrospective study using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)(Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 2022) Yurdabakan, Zeliha Zuhal; Okumuş, ÖzlemObjectives This study aimed to investigate the morphometric features of the stylomastoid foramen and the facial canal in the Turkish population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) retrospectively. Methods The randomly selected 479 patients aged from 8 to 87 years were examined, and a total of 958 CBCT images of the stylomastoid foramen (SMF) and facial canal (FC) were analyzed. The diameter of the SMF and FC at the mastoid segment and their relation to age, gender, and side were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test, chi-squared test, Tukey's HSD, and Fisher Freeman Halton exact test. P values <0.05 were accepted as statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results The mean age of the patients was 40.49±19.73 years. The mean diameter of the right SMF was 2,24±0,58 mm, and 2,50±0,63 mm in females, and males. The mean diameter of the left SMF was 2,25±0,56 mm, and 2,44±0,62 mm in females, and males. The mean diameter of the right FC was 1.60±0,35 mm, and 1.70±0,34 mm in females, and males. The mean diameter of left FC was 1,55±0,35 mm, and 1,66±0,33 mm in females, and males. A statistically significant difference was found between the age groups in terms of the mean SMF and FC diameter on both sides (p<0.05). Conclusion Information obtained from this study regarding the morphometric features of the SMF and thereby FC may assist surgeons in treatment plans and reduce the risk of neuro-surgical complications.Öğe Evaluation of trabecular structure using fractal analysis in patients taking proton pump inhibitors(2022) Özel, Şelale; Okumuş, Özlem; Yurdabakan, Zeliha ZuhalObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the trabecular bone structure in patients using proton pump inhibitors (PPI) by performing measurements with fractal analysis, mandibular cortical width (MCW) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) on panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: This study consists of 46 patients (20 males and 26 females) using PPI drugs regularly for at least 1 year and systemically healthy 46 persons (20 males, 26 females) as the control group. Fractal analysis was performed in five regions: the mandibular angle (ROI1), posterior mandible (ROI2), interdental area between apical of the second premolar and the first molar (ROI3), maxillary tuber region (ROI4), anterior mandible (ROI5). PMI and MCW as an indicative of osteoporosis, were measured on the panoramic radiographs. Results: For re-evaluated measurements, interobserver and intraobserver agreements were found to be 0.985 and 0.987, respectively. ROI2-4 (1.732, 1.334, 1.333; respectively) were significantly lower in PPI users, whereas, there was no significant in ROI1 (1.605) and ROI5 (1.694). The values MCW and PMI were not statistically significant in PPI users. Conclusion: Posterior region of the mandible, maxillary tuberosity and interdental region had lower trabecular microstructures in PPI users. The results of this study show that patients using PPI at least one year should be considered as regarding osteoporotic changes during dental treatment.Öğe Lezyonların karakteristik bölgesinden biyopsi yapılmasının önemi: Olgu sunumu(2020) Okumuş, Özlem; Özbayrak, SemihSkuamöz hücreli karsinom oral kavitede en sık görülen malignomdur. Oluşumunda tütün kullanımı, alkol tüketimi, kronik travma, kötü ağız hijyeni, virüsler önemli etkenlerdir. 77 yaşında kadın hasta dilinde iyileşmeyen beyaz lezyon nedeniyle ile Altınbaş Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ağız Hastalıkları Kliniğine yönlendirilmiştir. Hastanın tıbbi anamnezinde hipertansiyon olduğu ve hiç sigara/alkol kullanmadığı öğrenilmiştir. Hasta total protez kullanmaktadır ve 15 yıldır diş hekimine gitmemiştir. Yemek yerken dilinde kulağa yansıyan ağrı şikayeti vardır. Klinik muayenede dilin sağ lateralinde büyük hiperkeratotik alanın (8x9 cm) üzerinde 3x5 cm çapında, sınırı belirgin, sert ve verrüköz yüzeyli hacim artışı izlenmiştir. Sağ submandibular bölgede küçük çaplı, mobil lenfadenopati tespit edilmiştir. Kulak burun boğaz (KBB) doktoru tarafından bu bölgeden yapılan insizyonel biyopsi sonucu ‘atipik hiperkeratotik papillomatöz lezyon’ olarak belirtilmiştir. Bir diş hekimi tarafından hasta kliniğimize yönlendirilmiştir. Kliniğimizde hiperkeratotik alanın üzerinde bulunan sert, verrükoz proliferatif yerden insizyonel biyopsi yapılmıştır. Histopatolojik inceleme sonucunda ‘oral skuamöz hücreli karsinom’ tanısı konulmuştur. Hasta lezyonun cerrahi olarak eksizyonu ve olası başka tutulumlarının belirlenmesi için KBB departmanına yönlendirilmiştir. Lezyonun karakteristik bölgesinden yapılmayan biyopsi yanlış sonuca ve buna bağlı yanlış tedavi yaklaşımına dolayısı ile malign değişimlerde zaman kaybına neden olabilir.Öğe Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaws(Altınbaş Üniversitesi, 2020) Özbayrak, Semih; Okumuş, ÖzlemMedication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe adverse drug reaction, including of bone destruction in the jaws. Osteonecrosis of the jaws can be caused by two pharmacological agents: antiresorptive (including bisphosphonates (BPs) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand [RANK-L] inhibitors) and antiangiogenic. Among the drugs associated with the development of MRONJ, BPs are the most widely used for a wide variety of clinical indications. Bisphosphonates are used in bone metabolism-related diseases such as Paget’s disease, fibrous dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, but mainly in lung, prostate, breast carcinomas, multiple myeloma and osteoporosis. The effect of the drug depends on the dose and duration of administration. Epidemiological studies showed that long-term use of these drugs may increase the risk of MRONJ development. The purpose of this review is to define the current information about MRONJ, the management strategies and preventive measures.Öğe Misconceptions about oral diagnosis and radiology among dental students: a questionnaire study(2023) Okumuş, Özlem; Yurdabakan, Zeliha ZuhalBackground: Misconceptions are learning deficits that may cause clinical judgments in a dental practice to be made incorrectly. Aim: This study aimed to identify and look into students' misconceptions regarding Oral Diagnosis and Radiology. Materials and methods: The fourth and fifth-grade students at the Altınbaş University Faculty of Dentistry were given a self-administered questionnaire that included multiple-choice questions about Oral Diagnosis/Medicine and Radiology. 106 students participated in the questionnaire and 50.9% of the participants were fourth-grade students, 49.1% of them were fifth-grade students. The questions were classified into two parts: five scenario-based questions and ten knowledge-based questions. Students' replies were evaluated for accuracy and confidence, and when a student was certain of giving an inaccurate response, misconceptions were noted. Two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney-U test (P = 0.05). Results: A total of 1590 responses were collected. Regarding the question type, scenario-based questions had more misconceptions (19.6%) than knowledge-based questions (18.4%). Depending on the question, the majority of misconceptions were seen in the questions about denture stomatitis (46.2%) and radiographic contrast (38.7%). Conclusions: To prevent misdiagnosis, it is essential to recognize and overcome misconceptions in Oral Diagnosis/Medicine and Radiology. Therefore this study assists students and lecturers in defining misconceptions and organizing precautions to avoid and fix them.Öğe Morphometric assessment of sphenoid sinus ostium by cone-beam computed tomography: A retrospective study(2022) Okumuş, Özlem; Yurdabakan, Zeliha ZuhalObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sizes of the sphenoid sinuses ostia, the distance between them, and the distance between the lateral margin of the sphenoid sinuses ostia and the anterolateral wall of the sinuses in the Turkish population. Methods: The analysis was performed as a retrospective study of 240 cone-beam computed tomography scans of patients using NNT Viewer software program (CeflaGroup, Verona, Italy). Patients over 18 years old with no pathologies present in the sphenoid sinuses were included in the study. Patients who had suffered from head trauma or undergone nasal, orbital, or cranial basis surgery were excluded from the study. Results: The mean size of both sphenoid sinuses ostia was 2.18 ± 0.42 mm for females and 2.26 ± 0.53 mm for males. The mean distance between both sphenoid sinuses ostia was 6.19 ± 2.10 mm for females and 6.87 ± 2.10 mm for males. The mean distance between the lateral margin of the sphenoid sinuses ostia and the anterolateral wall of the sinuses was 9.66 ± 2.06 mm for females and 10.61 ± 1.95 mm for males. There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left ostium sizes of males and females. Right ostium diameters of cases over 45 years of age were statistically significantly higher than those under 45 years of age. Conclusion: Intraoperative identification of sphenoid sinus ostium is difficult, and its inadequate excision could lead to potential iatrogenic complications. Therefore, detailed morphometric measurements in populations are needed to perform safe and effective procedures.Öğe Prevalence of bifid mandibular canal according to gender, type and side(Elsevier Taiwan, 2019) Okumuş, Özlem; Dumlu, AsımBackground/purpose: An awareness of mandibular canal variations may help prevent complications due to nerve damage that can occur during surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the variations of mandibular canal distribution and frequency via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), retrospectively, in a Turkish population. Materials and methods: The study population comprises 500 (250 female, 250 male) randomly selected participants between the ages of 14 and 79 years. The study was conducted in Marmara University, Faculty of Dentistry, in the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. The distribution and frequency of mandibular canal variations were evaluated using the Naitoh classification, which includes retromolar canal, forward canal, dental canal, and buccolingual canal. The trifid canal was also included in this study. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics 20.0. The data were then compared based on age group and gender. Results: Bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) were found in 200 (40%) of the 500 subjects, and in 248 of the 1000 sides (24.8%). Mandibular canal variations were observed in 71.5% of patients on the right side, 52.5% on left side and 24% bilaterally. The forward canal was the most common type (48.8%), followed by the retromolar canal (26.2%), the dental canal (12.9%), the buccolingual canal (9.7%), and the trifid canal (2.4%). Conclusion: BMCs were detected at a high rate in the Turkish subpopulation. Moreover, CBCT appears to be an appropriate method to assess the entity and shape of BMCs. (C) 2019 Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.Öğe Recurrence of langerhans cell histiocytosis of jaws: a case report with one year follow-up(Altınbaş Üniversitesi, 2019) Okumuş, Özlem; Olgaç, Vakur; Özbayrak, SemihLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an unusual disorder characterized by high proliferation of Langerhans cells. A 27-year-old male patient was referred to the Oral Medicine Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Altınbaş University with a complaint of wound that does not heal for eight months. The clinical examination showed palatal mucosal ulceration extending to the bone at the upper right first molar region and ulceration at the lingual mucosa of the lower right first molar. The patient had been previously evaluated by a different dentist and was told that it was an aphthous lesion. A punch biopsy from the palatal mucosa and alveolar mucosa near the lesion revealed Langerhans cells and positive reaction to CD1 so the patient was diagnosed with LCH. The insignificant treatment trials may lead to diagnostic delay. Oral lesions may be the earliest symptom of LCH and in most cases; the oral cavity may be the only area involved. Awareness of lesions in the oral mucosa is important in achieving the accurate and early diagnosis and effective treatment plan.Öğe The relaTionship beTween accessory maxillary osTium, maxillary sinus paThologies, and sinonasal region variaTions(Termedia Publishing House Ltd., 2023) Okumuş, Özlem; Şallı, Gülay AltanIntroduction: The accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) is an anatomical variation that can be associated with the pathologies of the maxillary sinus, sinonasal variations, and dentition status. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of AMO and its association with age, sex, sinus variation, pathological formations, the status of dentition, and tooth endodontic and periodontal status using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and methods: The retrospective analysis of CBCT scans from 390 patients over the age of 18 years (232 female and 158 male) was carried out in this study. All the CBCT images were analysed with sagittal, coronal, and axial sections. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to test intra-observer agreement. P-values of 0.05 were considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: In the present study, 780 sinuses from a total of 390 CBCT scans were analysed. The prevalence of AMO was 33.1% on the right side and 35.4% on the left. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of AMO and pathological formation in all individuals (p > 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the prevalence of AMO and sinonasal variations. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in AMO prevalence related to age, presence of mucosal thickness, mucus retention cysts, maxillary sinusitis, sinonasal variation, the status of dentition, and the periodontal status of posterior maxilla. However, there was a relationship between AMO and both sex and endodontic status. © 2023 Polish Dental Association.Öğe Simple bone cyst on the mandibular ramus: a case report(Altınbaş Üniversitesi, 2018) Okumuş, Özlem; Varol, Altan; Özbayrak, SemihThe simple bone cyst, also called traumatic bone cyst or solitary bone cyst, is an uncommon cavity of the jaws and occurs on the mandibular symphysis and body, but rarely on the mandibular condyle. It is generally asymptomatic, usually detected incidentally during routine radiological assessment. This article presents a bone cystic lesion affecting the right mandibular ramus in a 11 year-old female patient with no history of previous trauma. A well demarcated oval shaped radiolucent lesion was observed on the right mandibular ramus in panoramic radiography. The advanced imaging techniques were performed to assess the exact location of the lesion and its association with the surrounded soft tissue. The patient underwent this cystic lesion enucleated under general anesthesia and the surgical exploration has demonstrated the empty cavity without the epithelial layer. The postoperative panoramic radiography which was performed after 6 months of follow up showed bony formation. The simple bone cyst is a rare jawbone lesion with an unclear etiology. It is generally associated with a good prognosis and a low rate of recurrence. Trauma history must be questioned.Öğe The morphometric analysis of mastoid foramen and mastoid emissary canal on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)(2023) Yurdabakan, Zeliha Zuhal; Okumuş, Özlem; Orhan, KaanPurpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence and morphometric features of the mastoid foramen (MF) and mastoid emissary canal (MEC) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), as well as their relationship with age, sex, and side. Methods: CBCT scans of 500 patients aged 8-87 years were examined retrospectively. The presence and number of MF, mean diameter of the MEC and MF, MF location, and the distance between MF and asterion were all examined. The collected data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. P values < 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. Results: The study included 472 patients. MF was present in 82% and absent bilaterally in 18% of the 472 patients. The prevalence of MF was 67.8% on the right side and 65.7% on the left. The mean diameter of the MF was 3.39 ± 1.48 mm and the number of the MF ranged from zero to four. The mean diameter of the MEC was 2.05 ± 1.06 mm and the distance between MF and asterion was 22,46 ± 5,18 mm. 52.4% of the MF was observed on the occipito-mastoid suture. Conclusion: To prevent surgical complications, particularly those that concern the temporal and mastoid areas, radiologists should report the results of the preoperative examination of the morphometry of the MF and MEC. CBCT imaging is a reliable diagnostic method that can be used to evaluate the MEC and MF before surgical procedures.Öğe The use of crista galli morphology and morphometry in sex determination: a cone-beam computed tomography study(2022) Okumuş, ÖzlemBackground: The morphology of crista galli varies from one individual to another and its structure may be pneumatized or compact bone. This study purposed to investigate the morphometry of the crista galli (CG) on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and to apply morphological classification based on the characteristics of the CG morphometry and to analysis the association of morphological and morphometric features with sex. Materials and methods: The width, length, and height of the CG were calculated on the CBCT scans of 400 patients (233 females, 167 males). The CG was categorised into three morphological types and the presence of the CG pneumatisation and the Keros classification were examined. Results: The average length of the CG was 12.93 ± 2.12 mm, the average width of CG was 4.79 ± 1.54 mm, and the average height of CG was 16.21 ± 2.73. There was no statistical difference between sex and both height and length values. The mean CG width of female was found to be statistically significant higher than male. No statistically significant difference was determined between the morphological types of CG and sex. For width only, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was found to be significantly higher than 0.5 and the cutoff value for the width parameter was determined as 4 mm. Conclusions: The morphologic and morphometric features of CG, present of pneumatisation and relation the anatomy of olfactory region with CG can be analyzed in detail using CBCT. The mean CG width of female was found significantly higher than male. However, further studies with different populations and modality are needed to evaluate the relationship between morphologic and morphometric features of CG and sex.Öğe Ultrasonographic appearances of cervical lymph nodes in healthy Turkish adults subpopulation: Preliminary study(Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2017) Okumuş, Özlem; Dönmez, Merve; Pekiner, Filiz N.Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess whether there was any relation between age, gender and body mass index (BMI) and nodal forms and vascular type in healthy Turkish adults. Study Design: Three neck areas in 25 wholesome patients who were aged from 21 to 58 years, were assessed by gray-scale and color doppler ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed using an ALOKA Prosound Alpha 6 (Hitachi Aloka Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) and the images were obtained with a 7.2 MHz linear array transducer. Hajek's categorization of cervical lymph nodes for sonographic analysis was used. The ultrasonographic characteristics like size, shape, short axis/long axis ratio (S/L), hilum were evaluated. Ultrasonographic examinations of upper cervical, submandibular and submental lymph nodes were carried out and recorded. Results: The mean age of patients was 31.84 +/- 12.80 years. The ratios of lymph nodes with avascular pattern were 96% for the upper cervical lymph area, 92% for the submandibular area and 96% for the submental area. The lowest and highest ratios of short to long axis diameter (S/L) were calculated as 0.18 and 0.66 in all areas. Most normal nodes in the study were oval with an S/L ratio of less than 0.5. Conclusion: Normal cervical lymph nodes are oval, with an unsharp border and an echogenic hilum but no relation between the age, gender and BMI. Also ultrasonography is an applicable imaging modality for the examination of cervical lymph nodes. However, the deficiency in the number of patients might not allow to generalise our findings to the general populations.
