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    Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Gut Microbiota and IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 Gene Expressions in Type 2 Diabetes
    (Clin Lab Publ, 2022) Bahar-Tokman, Hrisi; Demirci, Mehmet; Keskin, Fatma E.; Cagatay, Penbe; Taner, Zeynep; Ozturk-Bakar, Yesim; Ozyazar, Mucahit
    Background: The aim of this study was to determine the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut microbiota and IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 gene expression levels in the blood of adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and compare it with that of adult nondiabetic healthy controls (HC). Methods: Between May 2016 and April 2017, 99 T2D patients and 99 HCs were enrolled in the study. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes levels were assessed from stool sample DNA and IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 gene expression levels assesed from blood sample RNA via gPCR from both T2D patients and healthy controls. Results: The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio detected in the stool of type 2 diabetes patients was found to be higher with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). Gene expression levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 were found to be upregulated. Conclusions: The highest upregulation was detected in IL-6 with 11 fold in T2D patients comparing with HCs. F/B ratio and gene expression levels were elevated in T2D patients. Firmicutes were positively correlated with studied gene expressions. A better understanding of the complex interaction between gut microbiota, environment, and diabetes will allow for more effective prevention and treatment strategies for T2D.
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    Similar bacterial signatures in the gut microbiota of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients and its association with G protein-coupled receptor 41 and 43 gene expression
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Demirci, Mehmet; Taner, Zeynep; Keskin, Fatma E.; Ozyazar, Mucahit; Kiraz, Nuri; Kocazeybek, Bekir S.; Tokman, Hrisi Bahar
    Purpose: There are conficting reports regarding the abundance of short-chain fatty acids producing bacteria in the gut microbiota in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine the amount of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Bifdobacterium adolescentis, Bifdobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Parabacteroides distasonis in the gut microbiota in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes, compared with the healthy controls and analyze the correlation between the gene expression levels of two short-chain fatty acids receptors GPR41 and GPR43. Methods: Forty type 1, 40 type 2 stool and blood samples of diabetes patients, and 40 healthy control samples were studied. DNA and RNA were extracted, and bacteria were detected using a Microbial DNA qPCR Assay kit. Gene expressions were detected with GPR41 and GPR43 primers via in-house qPCR. Results: Compared with healthy controls, B.longum and F.prausnitzii abundance were signifcantly decreased in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes, A.hallii abundance was increased in patients with type1 and decreased in type2 diabetes contrarily A.muciniphila abundance was decreased in patients with type1 and increased in type2 diabetes. GPR43 gene expression was upregulated in both patients group, however GPR41 was upregulated only in patients with type2 diabetes. Conclusions: Elevated B. longum and F. prausnitzii abundances were detected in the gut microbiota of patients with type1 and type2 diabetes and compared with healthy controls. B. longum and F.prausnitzii abundances were also correlated with the GPR43 gene expression level in type1 diabetes patients. Extensive studies determining bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids in gut microbiota, and their contribution in the pathogenesis of diabetes, are needed to understand better the mechanism of these diseases.