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Öğe Aim, shoot, deplete: Playing video games depletes self-regulatory resources(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Harma, Mehmet; Aktan, Timuçin; Çağıltay, KürşatTwo experiments investigated whether playing video games impaired subsequent self regulation. In Experiment 1 (n = 43), participants either played a video game (i.e., Quake III) for 10 min or just browsed the Internet for the same time interval. Participants in the video game condition had slower response time than participants in the no-game condition. In Experiment 2 (n = 94), either participants played Quake III, or watched Quake III game scenes, or they were asked to suppress their thought for 10 min. Participants in the game-playing condition and thought suppression condition showed less persistence on a given unsolvable anagram task than participants in the game-watching condition. Overall, the findings confirm the idea that playing video game consumes self-regulatory sources due to active instead of passive responses in a highly demanding game environment.Öğe Are avoidant wives and anxious husbands unhappy in a collectivist context? Dyadic associations in established marriages(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Harma, Mehmet; Sümer, NebiWe examined culturally relevant gender differences in the attachment dimensions and their dyadic associations with relationship functioning using a large sample (N = 1228). Considering that attachment avoidance is culturally incongruent with Turkish culture and there exist a sharp gender role difference in marriage, we anticipated that avoidance for women and anxiety for men would be strong dyadic predictors of satisfaction and conflict among married couples. Dyadic analyses revealed that attachment dimensions which are incongruent with cultural characteristics and gender roles predicted marital conflict and satisfaction. Avoidance, but not anxiety, had both actor and partner effects on marital satisfaction. Attachment anxiety of husbands, but not wives, was linked with marital conflict. Attachment avoidance seems to be a primary risk factor for satisfaction and attachment anxiety for conflict in the Turkish cultural context.Öğe Parental attachment anxiety and avoidance predicting child's anxiety and academic efficacy in middle childhood(Faculty of Arts and Sciences in Rijeka, 2015) Sümer, Nebi; Harma, MehmetPrevious work has documented that attachment security is systematically linked with child adjustment and academic competence. This study aims to examine the associations between parents' own report of anxious and avoidant attachment and their children's report of trait anxiety and academic self-efficacy in math and Turkish literature courses. Mothers (N=1539) and fathers (N=1436) from four cities in Turkey, separately completed the measures of attachment orientations, and their children (N=1877), attending 4th and 5th grades, completed the measures of trait anxiety and academic self-concept on math and literature courses in their school. Regression analyses showed that whereas mother attachment anxiety predicted boys' trait anxiety, father attachment avoidance predicted girls' anxiety. In predicting academic self-efficacy, mother attachment avoidance predicted their son's and father attachment anxiety predicted their daughter's academic self-efficacy in both math and literature courses. Our results confirmed the importance of having a warm and secure romantic attachment between spouses in marriage, not only for their relationship satisfaction and happiness, but also for their children's emotional adjustment and academic competence. © 2015, Faculty of Arts and Sciences in Rijeka. All rights reserved.Öğe Political orientations, ideological self-categorizations, party preferences, and moral foundations of young Turkish voters(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Yılmaz, Onurcan; Sarıbay, S. Adil; Bahçekapılı, Hasan G.; Harma, MehmetPolitical ideology is often characterized along a liberal-conservative continuum in the United States and the left-right continuum in Europe. However, no study has examined what this characterization means to young Turkish voters or whether it predicts their approach to morality. In Study 1, we investigated in two separate samples the relation between young Turkish participants' responses to the one-item left-to-right political orientation question and their self-reported political ideologies (conservative, socialist, etc.). In Study 2, we investigated the relation of moral dimensions as defined by Moral Foundations Theory to political party affiliation and political ideology. Results revealed that CHP, MHP, and AKP voters display a typical right-wing profile distinct from HDP voters. Findings regarding political ideology measures were consistent with party affiliations. Taken together, the findings reveal the distinctive nature of young Turkish people's political orientations while supporting the predictive power of the one-item political orientation question.Öğe Self-regulation mediates the link between family context and socioemotional competence in Turkish preschoolers(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Gündüz, Gizem; Yağmurlu, Bilge; Harma, MehmetResearch Findings: In this study, we examined self-regulatory skills, namely, effortful control and executive function, in Turkish preschoolers (N=217) and their mediating roles in the associations between parenting and children's socioemotional competence. We also investigated the role of family socioeconomic status and maternal psychological well-being in these concurrent associations. Mother reports were used for maternal depressive symptoms, parenting behaviors, and children's effortful control. Individual assessment was utilized for executive function, and socioemotional competence was assessed via multiple methods (mother report, teacher report, and individual assessments). Structural equation modeling results showed that effortful control mediated the paths from power-assertion to children's socioemotional competence. The pathway extending from depressive symptoms to socioemotional competency was mediated by power-assertiveness and effortful control. Socioeconomic status was not associated with socioemotional competence through either parenting or self-regulatory constructs. Practice or Policy: The results revealed that even moderate levels of depressive feelings experienced by mothers presented a risk factor for early effortful control and socioemotional development in young children through increasing harsh child rearing. These findings suggest that, given its potential role in the development of early fundamental abilities, it is important to take precautions against adverse effects of even low levels of maternal depression.Öğe Self-regulation: Relations with theory of mind and social behaviour(Wiley, 2017) Korucu, İrem; Selçuk, Bilge; Harma, MehmetIt is argued that self-regulation skill is necessary both for displaying constructive behaviour and for controlling negative social behaviour, and self-regulation might affect social behaviours by increasing the ability to understand others' minds. In this research, in order to examine different aspects of self-regulation and their similarities and differences in terms of their relations with other constructs, we focused on both effortful control and executive function and investigated their concurrent associations with socially competent and aggressive behaviours and theory of mind (ToM). The participants were 212 preschool children in Turkey. We assessed executive functions with behavioural measures and effortful control with mother reports. We used six tasks for comprehensive assessment of mental state understanding. Children's social competency and aggressive behaviour were assessed with teacher reports. Structural equation modelling results showed that when age and receptive language were controlled, ToM was significantly associated with social competence but not aggressive behaviour. Both effortful control and executive functions were significantly related to social competency and ToM; the pathways from each self-regulation skill were similar in strength. ToM was linked with social competence, but it did not have a mediating role in the relations of self-regulation with social competence. The findings highlighted the importance of self-regulation for socio-cognitive and social development in the preschool years. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Öğe Turkish mothers' attachment orientations and mental representations of their children(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Sümer, Nebi; Sakman, Ezgi; Harma, Mehmet; Savaş, ÖzgeObjective: This study aims to investigate a group of Turkish mothers' internal working models and their critical correlates, including their self-reported attachment orientations and their children's problem behaviours. Background: The mental representations that mothers hold for their children are a valuable source of information for caregiving behaviours, yet they have seldom been investigated in non-Western cultures. In order to examine the role of mothers' mental representations in children's behavioural outcomes with a cultural perspective, we adapted the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI) into Turkish, and then examined its predictive power. Considering culture-specific caregiving characteristics, we expected that the mental representations mothers have for their children would be systematically associated with their attachment avoidance rather than attachment anxiety in the Turkish context. Furthermore, maternal education was also hypothesised to be a critical factor in the mental representations of the mothers. Methods: First, mothers (N = 30) were interviewed using the WMCI by two trained researchers, and then they were asked to complete the measures of adult attachment and child adjustment. Results: The findings supported the validity of the WMCI in Turkey and demonstrated that the distribution of mothers in balanced, disengaged and distorted categories was similar to those found in Western cultures. As expected, mothers' attachment orientations, especially attachment avoidance, and maternal education were significantly associated with the mental representations they hold for their children. Conclusion: Mothers' attachment avoidance and low level of maternal education appeared to be the critical risk factors for their mental representations about their children. The findings were discussed considering culture-specific aspects of maternal representations, attachment orientations and caregiving behaviours.Öğe Validation of Morality as Cooperation Questionnaire in Turkey, and Its Relation to Prosociality, Ideology, and Resource Scarcity(Hogrefe Publishing Corp, 2021) Yilmaz, Onurcan; Harma, Mehmet; Dogruyol, BurakThe theory of morality as cooperation (MAC) argues that there are seven distinct and evolved universal moral foundations. Curry, Chesters, and Van Lissa (2019) developed a scale to test this theoretical approach and showed that the Relevance subscale of the MAC questionnaire (MAC-Q) fits data well, unlike the Judgment and full-form. However, an independent test of the validity of this questionnaire has not been hitherto conducted, and its relation with ideology is unknown. In the first study, we attempted to validate the Turkish form of MAC-Q and then examined the relationship with prosociality and political ideology. The results showed that the fit indices of MAC-Q Relevance are above the standard criteria, unlike the Judgment and full form (n = 445), and significant relationships with prosociality and political ideology provided additional evidence for the validity. We used the MAC-Q Relevance in Study 2 (n = 576, Turkey) and Study 3 (n = 921, US), and investigated whether manipulating resource scarcity influences the endorsement of MAC. Although there was no effect of the manipulation, correlational findings provided some support for the predictive validity of MAC-Q. Overall, MAC-Q Relevance performs well in representing the lay notions of morality in both Turkey and the US, unlike full-form.Öğe Validation of the moral foundations questionnaire in Turkey and its relation to cultural schemas of individualism and collectivism(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Yılmaz, Onurcan; Harma, Mehmet; Bahçekapılı, Hasan G.; Cesur, SevimAlthough Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) is claimed to be universally applicable, the data brought to bear in its support come from a self-selected population with mostly English-speaking participants. To the best of our knowledge, the theory has not been hitherto tested in a predominantly Muslim country with non-western moral and religious sensibilities. In Study 1, we replicated previous findings using Turkish participants by showing through confirmatory factor analyses that the 5-factor structure of MFT provided a better fit than alternative models. In Study 2, the participants' cultural schemas of individualism and collectivism were experimentally manipulated to see the distinctness and separate manipulability of the five individual foundations. The individualism prime led to an increased concern with the harm dimension whereas the collectivism manipulation led to an increased concern with the loyalty dimension. Taken together, the findings suggest that the 5-factor model of morality is the best fitting model in Turkey as well and that it is useful in predicting the results of cultural prime manipulations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
