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    Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria isolated from perforated corneal ulcers by culture and multiplex PCR: An evaluation in cases with keratitis and endophthalmitis
    (Clin Lab Publ, 2014) Tokman, Hrisi Bahar; İskeleli, Güzin; Dalar, Zeynep Güngördü; Kangaba, Achille Aime; Demirci, Mehmet; Akay, Hatice K.; Kiraz, Nuri; Borsa, Barış Ata
    Background: Anaerobic bacteria play an important role in eye infections; however, there is limited epidemiologic data based on the the role of these bacteria in the etiology of keratitis and endophthalmitis. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in perforated corneal ulcers of patients with keratitis and endophthalmitis and to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Methods: Corneal scrapings were taken by the ophthalmologist using sterile needles. For the isolation of anaerobic bacteria, samples were inoculated on specific media and were incubated under anaerobic conditions obtained with Anaero-Gen (Oxoid & Mitsubishi Gas Company) in anaerobic jars (Oxoid USA, Inc. Columbia, MD, USA). The molecular identification of anaerobic bacteria was performed by multiplex PCR and the susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to penicillin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin were determined with the E test (bioMerieux). Results: 51 strains of anaerobic bacteria belonging to four different genuses were detected by multiplex PCR and only 46 strains were isolated by culture. All of them were found susceptible to chloramphenicol whereas penicillin resistance was found in 13.3% of P.anaerobius strains, clindamycin resistance was found in 34.8% of P.acnes and 13.3% of P.anaerobius strains. Additionnaly, one strain of P.granulosum was found resistant to clindamycin, one strain of B.fragilis and one strain of P.melaninogenica were found resistant to penicillin and clindamycin. Conclusions: Routine analyses of anaerobes in perforated corneal ulcers is inevitable and usage of appropriate molecular methods, for the detection of bacteria responsible from severe infections which might not be determined by cultivation, may serve for the early decision of the appropriate treatment. Taking into account the increasing antimicrobial resistance of anaerobic bacteria, alternative eye specific antibiotics effective against anaerobes are needed to achieve a successful treatment.
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    Similar bacterial signatures in the gut microbiota of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients and its association with G protein-coupled receptor 41 and 43 gene expression
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Demirci, Mehmet; Taner, Zeynep; Keskin, Fatma E.; Ozyazar, Mucahit; Kiraz, Nuri; Kocazeybek, Bekir S.; Tokman, Hrisi Bahar
    Purpose: There are conficting reports regarding the abundance of short-chain fatty acids producing bacteria in the gut microbiota in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to determine the amount of Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Bifdobacterium adolescentis, Bifdobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Parabacteroides distasonis in the gut microbiota in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes, compared with the healthy controls and analyze the correlation between the gene expression levels of two short-chain fatty acids receptors GPR41 and GPR43. Methods: Forty type 1, 40 type 2 stool and blood samples of diabetes patients, and 40 healthy control samples were studied. DNA and RNA were extracted, and bacteria were detected using a Microbial DNA qPCR Assay kit. Gene expressions were detected with GPR41 and GPR43 primers via in-house qPCR. Results: Compared with healthy controls, B.longum and F.prausnitzii abundance were signifcantly decreased in patients with type1 and type2 diabetes, A.hallii abundance was increased in patients with type1 and decreased in type2 diabetes contrarily A.muciniphila abundance was decreased in patients with type1 and increased in type2 diabetes. GPR43 gene expression was upregulated in both patients group, however GPR41 was upregulated only in patients with type2 diabetes. Conclusions: Elevated B. longum and F. prausnitzii abundances were detected in the gut microbiota of patients with type1 and type2 diabetes and compared with healthy controls. B. longum and F.prausnitzii abundances were also correlated with the GPR43 gene expression level in type1 diabetes patients. Extensive studies determining bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids in gut microbiota, and their contribution in the pathogenesis of diabetes, are needed to understand better the mechanism of these diseases.