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Öğe Evaluating the efficiency of consulting officers in managing the implementation of engineering construction projects in Iraq(4S go, s.r.o, 2025) Naimi, Sepanta; Khalaf, Omar Khamees; Qasim, Omar NadhomThis research examined the engineering projects supervised by Iraqi internal management teams and evaluated the role of consulting firms in this area. The principal elements evaluated in analyzing engineering project execution management tools, methodology, objectives, resources, and success rates were time, cost, quality, and project scope. This research aims to create a detailed inventory of the services, functions, and requirements of the technical control and engineering consulting sectors in relation to national and international standards. This work utilized pertinent data and expert opinions to analyze the operations of consulting companies in Iraq via the Delphi method. The preliminary phase, considering workplace variations, was the creation of a related matrix utilizing local data to determine the relative significance of each component. After evaluating the second phase's data utilizing the Excel-based TOPSIS methodology, the factor ratings were calculated. The AHP-TOPSIS method assessed the ability to reason and resolve difficulties, handle conflicts, additional project expenditures, cost differences across four orders, and financial flow. In assessing variables, here is where the outcomes truly excelled. The research further concludes that the efficiency of consulting officers plays a pivotal role in overcoming the challenges of project execution in Iraq. Their ability to address time, cost, and quality issues directly influences the overall success of engineering construction projects.Öğe Selection of a dam site by using AHP and VIKOR: The Sakarya Basin(De Gruyter, 2025) Dilek, Zuhal Elif Kara; Opan, Mücahit; Bacaksız, Efsun; Hergül, Ahmet SerhanThe Sakarya Basin is an important area for water resources and dams in the Northern Anatolia Region, and it also draws attention due to its high population density. Within this context, it is crucial to consider specific criteria such as natural influences and topographic features in the selection of dam sites. This study aims to propose an effective methodology for selecting a site for a new dam in a first-degree earthquake zone, which constitutes the main challenge in the site selection process. The locations of seven dams situated in the Northern Anatolia Earthquake Zone have been evaluated based on six criteria: earthquake, geological and geotechnical properties, valley characteristics, expropriation, environmental impacts, and climate and meteorological conditions. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method have been used together as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. The AHP was employed to systematically determine the weights of the criteria based on expert opinions. The VIKOR method provided a foundation for evaluating alternative solutions. The optimal solution closest to the ideal has been achieved. A sensitivity analysis was performed by adjusting the weight of the earthquake criterion, which is of great significance for the study area, by approximately ±10%. The analysis revealed that the criterion weights significantly affect the rankings of the alternative regions. The research findings demonstrate that MCDM can effectively identify the most sensitive areas in the region. It is believed that incorporating the results obtained from MCDM methods into disaster management and urban planning strategies could mitigate the negative impacts of future earthquakes.Öğe A Modified Empirical Model for Predicting Liquefaction in Partially Saturated Sands(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Seyedi, Mohsen; Eseller-Bayat, Esra EceOne of the theoretical judgments for liquefaction triggering is that the maximum excess pore pressure ratio (ru,max) becomes unity. Some studies show that reducing the degree of saturation and creating partially saturated zones in the soil can lower ru,max, preventing liquefaction. Geotechnical engineers are interested in predicting ru,max as a control parameter for liquefaction triggering. Empirical models to predict ru,max of a free-field layer of partially saturated sand are mostly based on large and small-scale experimental setups, which cannot exactly explore the effect of high effective stresses. Also, the liquefaction responses obtained from the experimental studies mostly focus on shallow soil layers, limiting their applicability to deep field layers. This paper modifies an existing empirical model (RuPSS model) to make it able to capture the effect of high effective stresses up to 100 kPa in the prediction of ru,max of partially saturated sands in free-field conditions. A comparison of ru,max obtained from RuPSS model and the modified RuPSS model with the experimental test results confirms that the RuPSS model is unable to predict ru,max response under high effective stress while the modified RuPSS model can acceptably predict ru,max of partially saturated sands.Öğe Flexural analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates with a novel mixed finite element formulation using quasi-3d higher order shear deformation theory(Taylor & Francis, 2025) Kanığ, DoğanThis research focuses on the modeling and analysis of Functionally Graded (FG) plates featuring a sandwich core, utilizing a generalized Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) that accounts for transverse stretching effects. This framework proposed facilitates the customization of different shear functions specifically designed for functionally graded materials (FGMs), thereby ensuring the inclusion of thickness stretching considerations (epsilon z not equal 0). The governing equations are derived through the application of the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, which guarantees the stationarity of the functional. As a result, a finite element (FE) formulation is developed, incorporating two separate field variables: displacements and stress resultants. To discretize the domain of the FG plate, four-node quadrilateral elements are utilized. Initially, the functional necessitated C1 continuity; however, by employing the two-field characteristic of the mixed finite element (MFE) approach, integration by parts is utilized, which effectively reduces the C0 continuity requirement. This approach successfully captures the nonlinear and parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses in FG sandwich plates (FGSPs). Within the use of various shear functions, the outcomes remain theoretically aligned with elasticity-based solutions and the proposed HSDT model. Furthermore, the inclusion of transverse stretching markedly improves the accuracy of bending behavior predictions for FGSPs when compared to traditional theories.Öğe Impact of Climate Change on Evaporation in Mosul Dam Reservoir-Iraq(American Institute of Physics, 2025) Aljuhaishy, Saad Saleh Dheyab; Naimi, Sepanta; Awchi, Taymoor A.; Manfreda, SalvatoreWater resources in Iraq are considered one of the elements most affected by climate change, especially water bodies, and the loss of water from reservoirs by evaporation is one of the most losses that occur in semi-arid countries. Hence, a study of a subject in this regard is very necessary, so the Mosul Dam reservoir was taken to study the effects of change So we researched this with a detailed analysis of climatic data from 1990-2020. We found the reality of the effect of each climatic element on the evaporation element. We linked five of the climatic elements to one mathematical model to find the value of evaporation from them, and finally we made predictions for some Main climatic elements. The results showed that the reservoir loses about 0.9 billion cubic meters annually through evaporation, and the results of the analysis of evaporation data indicated that its rates were increasing and reached a difference of 13.6% over 30 years, and from the results of the strength of the correlation between the climatic elements with evaporation by the SPSS program, it was found The temperature represents the greatest effect on evaporation in a direct way, then the inverse effect of humidity, and the direct effect of the number of hours of sunshine, and the effect of the rain was inverse of medium intensity, after that a mathematical model of evaporation was made in Mosul Dam Reservoir and its R-square was 95.6%, and the results also showed The storage volume was decreasing during the study years. Due to the great importance of the two elements of temperature and rain, a prediction was made for the data of temperature rates through the SDSM program, and it found that it continues to rise, so about 2050 it will reach an average temperature that is 0.3C0 higher than the average in the year 2023, the data that was predicted for rain recorded a continued decrease in its quantities, as it will be 4.9% less than it is in 2023, and less than about 50% compared to what it was in 1990.Öğe An advanced mixed finite element formulation for flexural analysis of laminated composite plates incorporating HSDT and transverse stretching effect(Springer, 2025) Kanığ, Doğan; Kutlu, AkifThe modeling and analysis of laminated composite plates are performed using a unified Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) that accounts for transverse stretching effect. The adopted unified HSDT formulation allows the implementation of various shear functions. To derive a weak form from the generalized displacement fields of HSDTs, a variational principle is applied within a two-field mixed approach. The stationarity of the functional for laminated plate structures is obtained through the application of the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle. Hence, displacements and stress resultants, namely two independent fields, are included in finite element equations. Four-noded, quadrilateral elements are employed for the discretization of the plate's domain. While the generated functional initially had C1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C<^>{1}$$\end{document} continuity, benefiting from the two-fields property of the mixed finite element formulation, integration by parts is performed that results with a functional requiring only C0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$C<^>{0}$$\end{document} continuity. To effectively capture the nonlinear and parabolic variation of transverse shear stress, it is determined that even with varying functions, the results are theoretically consistent with the elasticity method and the employed HSDT model. Also, when compared to the theories that are already accessible in the literature, for the bending behavior of composite plates, incorporating the stretching effect converges the exact results for laminated composite plates more than the studies where that effect is neglected.Öğe Effective expressions for the estimation of the first and third natural periods of minarets based on extensive and comprehensive parametric modal analyses(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Erkal, Aykut; Hilmi, Zahraa Husham IbrahimThis paper investigates the modal behaviour of minarets by conducting parametric modal analyses with a comprehensive set of geometric and material properties and critically proposes effective expressions to estimate the first and third natural periods of minarets. To make this unprecedented attempt, firstly, previously studied 52 minarets were examined to systematically select the geometric and material properties of 189 representative minarets. Subsequently, numerical models of these 189 minarets were created and assigned with the selected values for height, cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, modulus of elasticity, and mass density. Then, modal analysis was applied to each representative minaret to obtain modal characteristics to see the effect of each variable. Next, an iterative optimization algorithm was used to establish four effective expressions for the first and third natural periods, considering the effect of five and three variables. Finally, the performance of the proposed expressions was checked with 35 of the previously studied minarets whose dynamic characteristics are available. The results demonstrated a satisfactory level of accuracy. For example, the expression for the fundamental period with 5 variables presented discrepancies mostly far less than 19 % for 28 minarets of a total of 35 minarets. © 2025 Institution of Structural EngineersÖğe A novel spring-actuated low-velocity impact testing setup(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Küçük, Mesut; Hejazi, Moheldeen; Sari, AliEvaluating the behavior of materials and their response under low-velocity dynamic impact (less than 30 m/s) is a challenging task in various industries. It requires customized test methods to replicate real-world impact scenarios and capture important material responses accurately. This study introduces a novel spring-actuated testing setup for low-velocity impact (LVI) scenarios, addressing the limitations of existing methods. The setup provides tunable parameters, including adjustable impactor mass (1 to 250 kg), velocity (0.1 to 32 m/s), and spring stiffness (100 N/m to 100 kN/m), allowing for flexible simulation of dynamic impact conditions. Validation experiments on steel plates with a support span of 800 mm and thickness of 5 mm demonstrated the system’s satisfactory accuracy in measuring impact forces (up to 714.2 N), displacements (up to 40.5 mm), and velocities. A calibration procedure is also explored to estimate energy loss using numerical modeling, further enhancing the test setup’s precision and utility. The results underline the effectiveness of the proposed experimental setup in capturing material responses during low-velocity impact events.Öğe Laboratory investigation of the effect of de-icing solutions on moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt with biomass fibers(Springer, 2024) Saedi, SepehrThe probability of freezing in roads exposed to snow and rain requires ice removal operations to reduce the potential dangers. Lack of maintenance and ice removal can lead to swelling, formation of transverse cracking and stripping pavements phenomenon. Due to the numerous disadvantages of using solid calcium chloride for de-icing, researchers worldwide are still seeking alternative methods to minimize its impact on infrastructure and the environment.In line with the mentioned research, this study was conducted to reduce the effect of deicing solutions on moisture damage, which is one of the most important reasons for reducing the lifespan of hot mix asphalt pavements. Liquid anti-icing and de-icing materials that can be used include calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium chloride. In using de-icing solutions, beside considering the environmental and economic aspects, it is also important to evaluate the potential damage of such material on asphalt surfaces. To begin the research phase, asphalt mixtures were prepared using the Marshall design method, combining basalt aggregates with bitumen PG 58 - 16, and limestone aggregates with the same bitumen specification. Following this, 0.3% hemp fiber was added to the mixtures, and 78 Marshall samples were prepared for testing. To initiate the research stages, asphalt samples were first prepared using two types of aggregates, basalt and limestone, containing 0.3% hemp fibers. Then, the prepared samples were subjected to sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride solutions after undergoing 5 freeze-thaw cycles. They were subsequently tested under various moisture sensitivity tests. The results indicated that, in addition to the significant environmental damage caused by sodium chloride, it has a severe impact on reducing the resistance of both types of asphalt mixtures against moisture-related distress. Among the tested solutions, Cacl2 has the lowest impact on reducing the resistance of mixtures against moisture-related distress. Considering its lower environmental impact and relatively cost-effectiveness, it can be considered as a suitable option for de-icing operations in cold and snowy regions, which can also help reducing the maintenance costs of asphalt pavements.Öğe Assessment of haditha dam surface area and catchment volume and its capacity to mitigate flood risks for sustainable development(International Information and Engineering Technology Association, 2024) Hasan, Raad F.; Seyedi, Mohsen; Alsultani, RiyadhThe purpose of this study is to assess Haditha Dam’s catchment area and accessible surface area in order to guarantee that these regions can hold water without being at risk of floods. Using topographic data, the study simulated the two-dimensional catchment area and flow area below the dam. The monthly increase in water storage was then computed using the water balance equation and HEC RAS software. These increments were used to determine the required flow that might be utilized to run the dam more efficiently. Significant outflows were found at the start of the operational year. These volumes will probably cause water to accumulate, water levels to increase quickly, and heights to climb. In order to make sure that these regions can store water without running the danger of flooding, the goal of this study is to assess the catchment area of a contemporary dam and its accessible surface area. The study generated a two-dimensional catchment region and flow area below the dam using topography data. The water balance equation and HEC RAS software were then used to determine the monthly increase in water storage. The necessary flow that could be utilized to run the dam as effectively as possible was calculated using these increments. This assessment provides a comprehensive analysis of the dam’s capacity to manage water storage efficiently and mitigate flood risks, contributing to sustainable water management practices.Öğe Impact of train-induced vibrations on residents’ comfort and structural damages in buildings(Springer, 2024) Seyedi, MohsenThe rapid growth of urbanization and the progress of industrialization have resulted in the construction of over or near-track buildings. Train-induced ground-borne vibrations have attracted attention because they can damage buildings and cause residents discomfort. This study conducted a series of finite element analyses on three 5-story concrete framed buildings, which were subjected to the passage of trains at various speeds. One of the buildings was modeled as an over-track building, whereas the other two buildings were located in close proximity to the track but at different distances. The present study investigated the impact of train speed and track-to-building distance on the acceleration and velocity responses of buildings. The comparison of residents’ comfort levels and the structural safety of buildings against potential damages was conducted using international standards as the controlling criteria. Furthermore, an efficient mitigation technique was implemented, involving the utilization of open trenches with different depths between buildings and the railway track. This approach was employed with the aim of minimizing the detrimental impacts caused by trains-induced vibrations. The findings indicated that the over-track building was impacted by the train-induced vibrations more than near-track buildings. Furthermore, it was shown that although the passage of high-speed trains can disturb the comfort of building residents and potentially cause some structural damage to buildings, it did not lead to any significant story drifts in the structures. Finally, the minimum required depth of open trenches to mitigate train-induced vibrations was computed for every type of buildings and train speeds.Öğe An empirical function to predict the liquefaction-induced uplift of circular tunnels(2024) Seyedi, MohsenTunnels buried in liquefiable soils are prone to liquefaction-induced uplift damage during strong earthquakes. Studying the parameters that affect the liquefaction-induced uplift of tunnels is crucial for enhancing the seismic resilience of tunnels, minimizing potential damage, and ensuring the safety of critical infrastructure during strong earthquakes. This study investigates the effects of tunnel diameter (D), burial depth (H), and amplitude of input shaking at the base of the soil layer (amax) on the liquefaction-induced uplift of circular tunnels using numerical simulation. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of the H/D ratio and the value of amax on the dynamic responses, such as uplifts and internal forces in the lining of the tunnel. Using the numerical results, an empirical function was proposed to estimate the liquefaction-induced uplift of circular tunnels buried in liquefiable, loose soils. Finally, the results predicted by the proposed function were compared with those of a shaking table test and a centrifuge experiment. It has been demonstrated that the burial depth of a tunnel has the greatest impact on its seismic performance. Under identical input motion, increasing the burial depth of a tunnel with a 5-m diameter from 5 to 10 m resulted in a 270% increase in uplift and increased the internal forces in the tunnel lining, noticeably.Öğe A plastic hinge method for static pushover analysis of 3D frame structures(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Damcı, Erdem; Öztorun, Namık Kemal; Çelik, TuncerIn this paper, a nonlinear elasto-plastic analysis method under incremental external loads is presented to determine static pushover curves of 3D frame structures. Geometric nonlinearity is taken into account with stability functions, and the nonlinear behaviour of material is considered by plastic hinge hypothesis. Improved matrices and matrix operations for 3D frame elements are given, and the results obtained from a six-storey 3D frame, which is used as a benchmark example, are given comparatively with the related studies. Furthermore, in order to perform these analyses with the developed algorithms, the upgraded computer program TUNAL is used to present pushover curves of a 2-storey RC building for an assumption on torsional stiffness caused by plastic hinges. It is shown that the proposed methodology and the computer program give accurate and reliable results.Öğe Internal erosion and permeability of Na CMC-treated and PAM-treated geosynthetic clay liners(2023) Özhan, Hakkı O.; Erkal, AykutThis paper investigates the occurrence of internal erosion and the variation of the permeability of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) with respect to its geotextile component, polymer type and polymer amount added to its bentonite component, hydraulic head, and subgrade material by performing extensive triaxial permeability tests on the GCL specimens. To do this, Na carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were treated with the bentonite component of the GCLs. Then, the GCLs were placed over poorly graded gravel (GP) and poorly graded sand (SP). Consequently, they were tested with two different woven geotextile components under the hydraulics heads of 0.3 m and 10 m. Results showed that only GCLs tested with woven geotextile, having lower tensile strength, lower mass/area and lower thickness over the gravel at a hydraulic head of 10 m, experienced internal erosion. Critically, Na CMC and PAM treatment caused 2-2.5 orders of magnitude decrease in the permeability. Actually, 2% Na CMC and 1% PAM treatment by dry mass were found to be the optimum polymer contents. Both the environmentally friendly biopolymer Na CMC and the synthetic polymer PAM can effectively be treated with Ca bentonite to enhance the hydraulic performance of the GCLs.Öğe Seismic responses of an isolated long-span bridge using frequency domain and time dependent procedures(2023) Sarıtaş, Fevzi; Hasgür, ZekiSeismic behavior of an isolated bridge is analyzed in the frequency domain under the effects of non-stationary ground motions. For dynamic solutions, different ground environments are considered by simulating non-stationary quakes that can be represented from bedrock to soft ground level. In the simulations, power spectral functions and filtered white noise model are adopted for spectral densities of the earthquake excitations. Various computer algorithms have been developed for earthquake simulations, establishing the bridge finite element model and stochastic solutions. Twenty simulated ground motions are used for each soil profile and the parameters of Rayleigh dispersion are estimated by evaluating the system responses for each ensemble. A number of peak response factors dependent on soil conditions are presented for seismic responses. In addition, extreme value distributions of the responses are shown with the probability of exceeding functions and tables. The responses are discussed for the specific exceedance level of probabilities used in probabilistic design process. The stochastic analyses generally yielded responses consistent with time domain solutions. Exceedance probability functions of the peak responses were obtained in a close relationship. However, the probability distributions of the responses decomposed for the soft soil case and they displayed a wider dispersion even for low exceedance levels. The peak responses are expressed with some exceedance probabilities. In the estimation of response variations, this study showed the practicality of the frequency domain method and the results revealed higher peak response factors and variances for softer soil conditions. Furthermore, this study indicated that the frequency domain procedure is an effective tool in the obtaining of nonstationary seismic responses.Öğe The management of construction projects in Iraq and the most important reasons for the delay(2023) Musawi, Layth A. L.; Naimi, SepantaIn Iraq, there is a vast construction movement. Still, it is accompanied by many problems, the most important of which is the delay in completing projects during the specified time. The time must be optimized by adopting the leadership practice and dedicating it to the benefit of performing the process and functions of the project. The research aims to identify the most important reasons and factors that affect the project delivery process within the specified period. The investigation initially dealt with the most important previous studies, on this subject, by researchers, then touched on the concept of construction projects, their types and details. A questionnaire containing reasons for the delay was identified and divided into several items. It concluded that the most common reasons for delays are delays in laboratory testing of materials, assignment of works to the lowest bidder, contractors' financial incompetence, and high building materials prices. The most crucial factor is to streamline building material inspection procedures, set up inspection laboratories on several occasions and assess the contractor's effectiveness and ability to implement before the project is referred financially. Organizations and individuals should coordinate their work between the construction departments to prevent any issues that may arise during completing tasks.Öğe Verification of reaching the regulatory limit for the release of radioactive liquid waste in nuclear medicines(Polskie Towarzystwo Inzynierii Ekologicznej (PTIE), 2023) Alfayyadh, Linda; Naimi, Sepanta; Mizban, Fadhil; Al-Hamami, Naheel; Alguraibawi, MarwahThe research was conducted at one of Iraq’s nuclear medical facilities in Baghdad, which uses radioactive iodine (I-131) to treat thyroid patients, the major purpose of this research was to meet the national legal limit for the release of radioactive liquid waste into the environment, a high purity germanium reagent radiation detector was used to evaluate nine iodine I-131 samples. From 2021 and 2023, the concentration of waste prior to storage and disposal was between 24498 Bq/L and 5.7 Bq/L. Short-lived radionuclides, such as I-131 with an 8.04-day half-life, may be released into the sewage system in line with Iraq’s Nationally Approved Limits and Austria’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Moreover, it is stored for 10 times the half-life, or four months, until the choice to release it into the environment is made.Öğe Based BIM techniques to clash detection for construction projects(International University of Sarajevo, 2023) Abdalhameed, Braa F.; Naimi, SepantaBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) has brought about a qualitative change in the design and management of construction projects because it represents a digital simulation of the physical characteristics of the building, and this increases its efficiency before the actual construction begins. In Iraq, most construction projects still use CAD two-dimensional drawing for the purpose of the implementation process, especially government projects, and this causes many problems due to the difficulty of communication between the various disciplines involved in the design and misunderstanding during implementation. This type of problem is reduced by combining BIM drawings prepared by designers and making them into a single model. In this process of merging conflicts are found using BIM tools such as Autodesk Navisworks. There are three main types of detection. This article includes how a clash detector can help improve clashes in the design phase before starting to construct a specific building using BIM applications and focuses on hard detection type (overlap of a particular element with the others). The methodology involved in this research is to study an educational building (24-classroom model school) consisting of structural and architectural BIM models only, clash detection analysis is done using Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Navisworks Manage software.Öğe Investigation of concrete properties using recycled waste concrete aggregate(International University of Sarajevo, 2023) Mohammed, SuhaThere are several environmental, economic, and energy reasons why RC is gaining popularity around the world. Key environmental problems include the potential for groundwater contamination due to the washing out of fresh concrete brought back from project sites, as well as the loss of natural sources of high-quality aggregate materials. The RC concrete (RCA) impact on the fundamental characteristics of traditional concrete is investigated besides the effect of different ratio effects of water-cement (w/c). The concrete as crushed rubble obtained from several Iraqi demolition sites and landfills is utilized to examine the properties of (RCA). This work utilized sand as natural, and concrete as crushed from various sources as aggregates around Baghdad city. A total of forty-five concrete mixtures were cast into nine groups. Groups were created to examine the impact of recycled coarse aggregate (CA) quality/content, dosage of cement, and w/c ratio. Strengths of compressing and splitting, and modulus of elastic tests were conducted. The findings demonstrated that the concrete rubble (CR) may be turned into recycled aggregate (RC) and utilized in the concrete manufacturing with qualities adequate for the vast majority of structural concrete applications in Iraq. Furthermore, the concrete strength has decreased by 6% to 30%, depending on the proportion of RC utilized to replace natural aggregate and the w/c ratio.Öğe Deprem etkileri altındaki farklı tiplerde çelik yapıların STASTEEL ve SAP2000 kullanılarak karşılaştırılması(2022) Naimi, Sepanta; Peker, ÖnderÇalışma kapsamında uygulamada sıkça kullanılan StaSTEEL ile referans olarak SAP2000 paket programları kullanılarak, simetrik ve L formunda asimetrik kat şekline sahip üç katlı, on katlı ve on beş katlı çelik yapılar ile bu yapılardan farklı tek katlı bir sanayi yapısı modeli, iki paket program ile çözümlenmiştir. Literatürde, StaSTEEL ile yapılmış çalışma bu araştırma yapıldığı sırada hiç bulunmamaktadır. Çalışma içerisinde incelenen bina tipi toplam 7 adettir. Analiz sonucu elde edilen kat ağırlıkları, doğal titreşim periyotları ve elemanlar üzerinde oluşan eksenel, kesme ve moment gerilmeleri bakımından paket programların sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca programların ara yüzleri incelenerek kullanıcı için veri girişi, sonuçların irdelenmesi ve çıktılar konusunda ihtiyacın nasıl ve ne kadar karşılandığı araştırılmıştır. Yapı çözümlemeleri için 2019 yılında yürürlüğe giren Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği’nde belirtilen kurallar kullanılmıştır. İki paket programın çözümleme sonuçlarının birbirine benzer olduğu gözlenmiştir. Simetrik ya da asimetrik, az katlı veya çok katlı fark etmeksizin oluşan iç kuvvetlerde N, V ve M için en büyük farklar sırasıyla %3, %3,5 ve %2,7 mertebelerindedir. Bununla birlikte StaSTEEL programının gerek veri girişi gerekse sonuçların irdelenmesi konusunda daha kolay olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca hazırlanan hesap raporlarının daha detaylı ve görselliği yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır
