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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12939/67

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A conceptual take on transnational families: atypical families from a distance
(Altınbaş Üniversitesi, 2023) Kavaklı, Nur Banu
Transnational families are among the by-products of global capitalism, the feminization of migration and the globalization of care work. Transnational families owe their existence to the rise of communication and transportation technologies, economic transformations, and cultural features in their countries of origin and destination. A transnational family is different from an ordinary immigrant family. The defining factor is not the act of cross-border movement of the family, but the dispersion of the family, nuclear or extended, across international borders, where different family members spend time in one or another country depending on various factors. The emergence of transnational family experience relates to economic, political, social, and cultural factors, and has far-reaching causes and consequences. This study offers a new conceptual approach to the discussion of transnational families departing from Judith Stacey’s (1996) “postmodern family condition”. As a family arrangement made possible in the postmodern family condition, transnational families better describe situations in which families are not visible yet not absent, not necessarily broken but separated. Transnational families require a whole new understanding and definition of familial relationships, which should focus on the fluid nature of those in the absence of a concrete family setting. The role of immigrant women in such a family structure stands as a challenge to the stereotypical “modern family” as defined by Stacey; hence, enabling the conceptualization of transnational families as part of the postmodern condition. The impact transnational family experience has on various actors involved is examined by asking some fundamental questions such as: How are the decisions concerning who migrate under what conditions taken? How does the transnational family experience affect gender relations? What are the global and local conditions that make this experience possible? This study employs a three-layered approach to analyze the issue. First, the structural backdrop to transnational families is analysed; namely, the expansion of global capitalism that feeds female labour migration and the demand for the service sector, especially domestic care services. Second, the changes in the concept of family due to societal structural transformations and the emergence of new family forms are discussed. Third, the consequences of the first two aspects of the experience of transnational family life and its impact on parties involved at various levels are analysed: providers of care work and their families (parents, children, and extended family members), receivers of care work (employers and their families), and mediators of global care work (agencies and states).
Istanbul cab drivers and dispute resolution: a study of legal consciousness
(2022) İbikoğlu, Arda; Birdal, Eyüp Mert; Kuruçay, Enes
For three decades until November 2021, when an additional 1,000 cab licenses were issued, the total number of cab licenses in İstanbul was limited to 17,395. As the total number of cab licenses has not kept pace with İstanbul’s growing population, it has become impossible in the last decade to find an available cab during rush hours. The increasing scarcity of cabs not only turned this issue into an important social and political problem; it also brought many other players into the market, such as pirate cabs and Uber, the ridesharing app. Surprisingly, there is limited scholarly research on İstanbul cab drivers and the sector in general. Based on a research project conducted by undergraduate students in İstanbul during the fall of 2017, this article takes a comparative look at how İstanbul cab drivers engage in dispute resolution. During field work based on 19 semi-structured interviews with cab drivers and participant observation at a cab station, two types of grievances emerged as the most important issues for these drivers: 1) problems at the cab station, especially with the order of dispatching, and 2) encroachment by Uber. While most of the drivers were quite successful in utilizing various dispute resolution mechanisms in dealing with grievances at the cab station, very few of them engaged in mobilization, such as pursuing mechanisms to combat the increasing competition from Uber. We argue in this article that cab drivers are more likely to mobilize in defense of their rights if they believe that they are legitimate and rights-bearing subjects, as they are at the cab station. However, they are less likely to mobilize for their rights if they believe that they are marginalized and disreputable members of society, as in the case of their grievances against Uber. In other words, we argue that rights mobilization depends heavily on a sense of belonging.
“Âdî kenevirin bir dürlüsü”: Son dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda esrar
(2020) Adak, Ufuk
On dokuzuncu yüzyılda Osmanlı eczacıları her ne kadar tıbbi kullanım için yasaklı mal olarak kabul edilen esrar satma ayrıcalığına sahip olsalar da Osmanlı hükümeti esrar ekimini yasaklayan çeşitli kanunları, tebaanın sağlığını korumak fakat daha da önemlisi imparatorluktaki esrar ekimini ve dağıtımını kontrol etmek ve sınırlamak için yürürlüğe koymuştur. Öte yandan, Osmanlı hükümeti, Avrupa’daki Osmanlı konsoloslukları tarafından kaleme alınan raporlar aracılığıyla Avrupa devletlerinde esrar ekimine ilişkin yürürlükte olan nizamname ve kanunları yakından takip etmiştir. Bu makale, son dönem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda esrar ekimini ve kullanımını ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı Arşivi’ne ve erken erken Cumhuriyet döneminde yayımlanan uyuşturucu literatürüne dayanarak incelemektedir.
Covid-19 pandemisi kısıtlamaları sırasında orta öğretim öğrencilerinin sanal öğrenme başarı ve memnuniyetlerini etkileyen öncüllerin araştırılması
(2020) Erdilek Karabay, Melisa; Şener, İrge; Doyduk, Hande Begüm; Türkyılmaz, Gülendam
Yaşamın tüm alanlarını etkileyen Covid-19 pandemisinin eğitim alanı üzerinde de önemli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Pandemi sürecinde yaşanan kısıtlamalar nedeniyle, öğrenciler bahar döneminde uzaktan eğitim ile öğrenimlerine devam etmiştir. Pandemi sonrasında da daha sınırlı anlamda devam etmesi öngörülen uzaktan eğitimin geliştirilebilmesi için öğrencilerin algıladıkları başarı ve memnuniyetlerini etkileyen etkenlerin anlaşılması önem taşımaktadır. Bu etkenlerin belirlenmesine odaklanan bu çalışmada, İstanbul ili Anadolu yakasındaki orta öğretim kurumlarında pandemi sürecinde öğrenim gören 180 öğrenci ile anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Araştırma bulguları, öğrencilerin hem sanal öğrenme memnuniyetleri hem de algıladıkları başarıları üzerinde, sanal ders esnekliği ve algılanan kullanışlılık değişkenlerinin etkisinin pozitif ve anlamlı olduğunu ve algılanan kullanışlılığının her iki bağımlı değişken üzerinde en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla birlikte, teknoloji kalitesinin, algılanan başarıyı olumlu yönde; öğrencinin bilgisayar kaygısının ise öğrenme memnuniyetini olumsuz yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Çağdaş sanatın değeri ne kadar?
(2014) Arapoğlu, Fırat
21.yüzyılın çeyreğinde sanat yapıtı, para gibi bir değişim değerine sahip olmuş bulunmaktadır. Sanat metalaştırılarak bir değişim değeri niteliği kazanırken, artık bir spekülatif nesne olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Sanat alıcıları artık sadece koleksiyonerlik başlığı altında değil, birer “yatırımcı” olarak da değerlendirilmekte; yapıtların değer kazanmaları “kazanç” hanesinde işaretlenmekte ve sanatçılar geleceği değerli gibi nitelendirmelerle imlenmekedir. Eleştirel kuramlar içerisinde homojen bir yaklaşımla ele alınmayan sanatın meta değeri, bugün daha çok Frankfurt Okulu’nun “kültür endüstrisi” kavramı altbaşlığında ve “sanatın metalaşması” konusu kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. Situasyonist Enternasyonel ve Frankfurt Okulu’nun mirası üzerinden post-yapısalcı düşünürlere uzanan çizgide bu kavramlar sorgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışma üzerinde herhangi bir konsensüs sağlanamayan sanatın metalaşması ya da meta olarak sanat olgularına dair gelişim aşamalarını belirtecek, ardından dünyada ve özellikle Türkiye’de çeşitli seçilmiş kurumsallaşmalar üzerinden bu yapının oluşumu üzerine çıkarsamalarda bulunacaktır.
Yayıncılık dünyasının feminizasyonu süreci: Kadın çevirmenler üzerine bir inceleme
(2018) Yücel, Yonca Güneş; Orhan, Gözde
Bu makale 12 Eylül 1980 askeri darbesi ile birlikte yayıncılık alanında üretim yapmış kadın çevirmenleri konu etmektedir. Kadın çevirmenleri iki ana eksen üzerinden inceleyecek olan çalışmada, ilk olarak Türkiye siyasi ve toplumsal hayatındaki dönüşümlere paralel biçimde çevirmen kadınların sektöre girişi, burada tutunma biçimleri ve kendilerine yer açma stratejileri ele alınacaktır. İkinci olarak kadınların çevirmenlik pratikleri aracılığıyla yayıncılık sektörünün eril sınırlarını ne ölçüde zorlayabildiği tartışmaya açılacaktır. Özetle bu makale kadın çevirmenleri hem emek piyasasının feminizasyonu çerçevesinde incelemekte hem de bu sürecin ürünlerinin Türkiye’de feminist literatürün inşasında oynadığı rolü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Kadınların 1980’lerde yayıncılık dünyasına dinamik bir emek gücü olarak girişi, çok büyük oranda entelektüel üretim yapabildikleri kurumsal olanakların kaybı ya da 12 Eylül rejiminin getirdiği tutukluluk koşullarının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Tanımlı ve korunaklı istihdam biçimlerinden dışlanan kadınlar ironik olarak, daha özgür ve görece kısıtlanmamış entelektüel üretim biçimlerine ulaşabilmişlerdir. Sektörün 1980 sonrasında yeni teknolojilerle genişlemesi, kadınların bu alanda daha fazla yer almasını kolaylaştırmıştır. 12 Eylül 1980 sonrasında çevirmenlik yapan kadınlardan hayatta olanlarla ve dönemin etkin yayınevlerinin genel yayın yönetmenleriyle gerçekleştirilen derinlemesine mülakatlar, bu çalışmanın temel birincil kaynağını oluşturacaktır.
The politics of reproduction in Ottoman society, 1838-1900
(Brill Academic Publishers, 2014) Demirci, Tuba
L’ouvrage que G. Balsoy consacre à l’Empire ottoman du Tanzimat (« réorganisation »), mêlant histoire de la médecine, histoire des politiques de population et histoire du genre, permet, outre son apport monographique, d’établir de comparaisons instructives avec une historiographie des « biopolitiques » contemporaines largement centrée sur l’aire occidentale.
The social impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on neighborhoods, households, and individuals in Turkey
(Springer, 2015) Aytaç, Işık A.; Rankin, Bruce H.; İbikoğlu, Arda
This paper deals with the social impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on urban Turkey. Empirical evidence drawn from recently collected survey data using a multi-stage, stratified, random cluster sample illustrates the extent to which the economic crisis was also a social crisis. Analyses of three different levels-the neighborhood, household, and individual-highlight multiple detrimental effects, as seen in increased neighborhood social problems, household economic hardship and associated coping strategies, and individual mental and physical health problems. While post-crisis economic hardship, as measured by job loss, earnings reduction, and underemployment, was wide-spread, lower socioeconomic groups, renters, and Kurdish households suffered more. Economic hardship was also associated with a range of household coping strategies, both of which represent potential longer-term secondary social impacts, particularly in the Turkish context, when government safety nets are weak and families are left to fend for themselves. If appropriate measures are not taken, the long-term effects may go beyond the current generation of workers to affect the future wellbeing of vulnerable groups.
The impact of written media on popular culture in Umberto Eco's thoughts
(Int Organization Center Acad Research, 2016) Sarıgül, Fatma Altınbaş
Culture was designed as a national history on behalf of educating homogeneous citizens with modernism and as a set of traditions accumulated by this history and took on the appearance of an instrumental superstructure institution. Giving way of modernism to postmodern period, the affirmation of homogeneity is replaced with the affirmation of heterogeneity and the imposing conservative cultural perception that gives / claiming giving its roots from the past was replaced with the rootless popular culture belonging to just the present time. The replacement process of the modernist "high" culture pointing the thing that is ideal with postmodernists "popular" culture moving with the sign of the market led to the replacement of the organizations producing culture. While "High culture" was being generated/ consumed by the intellectuals (Intelligentsia), popular culture was generated/consumed by the ones who are not intellectuals (public) within the framework of the rules of market economy. Within this framework, culture was transformed from being a social status symbol to a growing market demand as entertainment and leisure spending means. One of the most important carriers in the production and dissemination of popular culture are popular newspapers. This newspaper sends several images, opinions and perceptions to the minds of readers and by means of these postings, it creates various interactions in the behavior types of the readers. In his book Numero Zero (Number Zero) published in 2015, Umberto Eco examined how the newspaper perform the interventions to the popular culture in order to increase the effectiveness of some popular newspaper boss in business life by considering the assumption how they can accommodate various perceptions to the public in a conscious way within a fictional context. According to Eco, popular culture is not in a top-down structure as in the understanding about of modernism (at least apparently). By taking into account the appreciations and requests of the broad masses it wants to spread, it aims at a compromise between producers and consumers of culture. Thus, it enables faster and more easily acceptance of the messages it sent by the masses. However, the motivation of popular culture producers is derived from the market economy. The thing targeted is profit. Popular newspapers are distorting and even converting up the news in the pursuit of this profit. Eco discusses which methods the newspaper makes this destruction with and he reveals their tactics that lead the readers to certain conclusions via language games. He tries to decipher the codes of the popular common sense sent to the readers. According to Eco, "newspapers teach people how they should think"; unfortunately "everything we learn is false and distorted". Popular culture is not a reality outside itself, but it consists of sending by the fake itself that takes the place of the reality as mentioned in Baudrillard's simulation theory.
Human trafficking and migration management in the global south
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Nawyn, Stephanie J.; Kavaklı, Nur Banu; Demirci-Yılmaz, Tuba; Oflazoğlu, Vanja Pantic
Turkey has recently transitioned from being largely a country of outmigration and transit migration to a country of destination for many of migrants seeking employment as well as refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Policy makers and advocates have stressed how vulnerable many of these irregular migrants and asylum seekers are to human trafficking. The Turkish government has increased its anti-trafficking efforts, but some of these efforts may be making migrants more vulnerability to trafficking, and limiting migrants' rights and opportunities to receive protection. In this article, we analyze the changing legal terrain and shifting labor migration flows of migrants to Turkey. We argue that domestic and international policies designed to curb human trafficking may in fact be causing migrants to be more vulnerable to traffickers. Our findings inform the labor exploitation theoretical framework of human trafficking that we have proposed in earlier research.
Shifts in sexual desire: bans on dancing boys (koceks) throughout Ottoman modernity (1800s-1920s)
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Avcı, Mustafa
The main objective of this article is to understand the ways in which the kocek (dancing boys) performance became a source of shame and how the practice was subjected to a number of bans in Ottoman Istanbul. In the literature on the kocek, there is a general trend that argues that the practice was banned because of the fights, quarrels and other disputes related to the koceks and that the practice disappeared altogether no later than 1856. This is what I call the social disorders argument' and while I acknowledge that history and examine some evidence of social disorders associated with the dancing boys, I also re-analyse the disorders arising from a powerful homoerotic desire that was so common as to even be normative in certain circles in the Ottoman era. In this article, through historical evidence, I show that there are a number of proscriptions against the koceks. Through a brief history of the bans from the sixteenth century onwards, I show the ways in which the mentality of the bans changed during the Westernization/modernization period and how shame from homoeroticism became a significant determinant in the bans of the nineteenth century.
The Sociology of Debt.
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2020) Bayraktar, Ayşe Yetiş
This chapter examines how religious authorities conceptualized debt as sinful because they considered it as unproductive, demonizing moneylenders or creditors who profited from usury. Understanding debt as sin has not vanished, though who is considered the sinner has shifted primarily from the creditor to the debtor. The chapter discusses how this shift originated during the Protestant Reformation in the work of Martin Luther and John Calvin. Now, a credit score signifies a debtor's character and shapes her life chances, including how high her interest rate will be. These scores have become critical techniques of power that control debtors. Debt produces new techniques of power not just for creditors, but also for debtors. While it is quite straightforward to witness how debtors are disciplined and controlled by creditors, the power of debtors is important to recognize as a possible form of resistance and force of social change.

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